Identifying Optimum Sites for Safe Dumping of Rural Waste by Combining the AHP and DRASTIC Methods in the GIS Environment (Case Study: Shavur District, Shoosh County)

Document Type : علمی

Authors

• Saeid Maleki
• Mostefa Abiyat
• Morteza Abiyat

Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz

10.22067/jrrp.v5i4.59999

Abstract

Extended abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
The practice of choosing the proper location for sanitary disposal of waste is a difficult, complicated, long and expensive process. This cannot be done without using a robust and reliable system that has the ability to use and analyze multiple strata of data. GIS is very suitable because of the capacity to deal with a great quantity of data. The system has the ability to simulate and control the parameters of hydrology, hydrogeology, physiography and the environment. The purpose of this research is to find a suitable waste landfill site in Shavur district of Shoosh city using the analysis of the parameters of the drastic model through the GIS and the hierarchical analysis process. In other words, this research attempts to analyze the components that are important in locating landfill in Shavur, Shoosh, through the GIS and AHP techniques, and identifies the most suitable site for solid waste disposal, which has the least harmful environmental and human impacts, and to provide the findings in the form of the map.
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The concept of the landfill is a useful method to choose a landfill or waste site. Locating proper sites for municipal or rural waste disposal is a complex and multidisciplinary process that requires environmental, ecological, social, economic, technical or specialized considerations. Lack of land for landfill and population growth are two greatest challenges in urban and rural areas in the world. Hence, the selection of places for landfill is the major problem facing the waste disposal management system. Given the importance of the rural community and the challenges that such community faces in its development process, recognizing the characteristics of rural development planning and addressing all aspects of it are essential. Therefore, it is necessary to pay particular attention to waste management in national programs. Over the past few years, with the help of GIS capabilities, many studies have been conducted to facilitate the process of selecting waste disposal landfills and to decrease the expense of constructing such sites, in order to keep up the process of environmental protection and to meet the objectives of sustainable regional development as well as logically managing development plans and projects. The hierarchical analysis process is flexible, strong, and simple. It is used in situations where conflicting decision-making criteria make choosing between options difficult to apply. This multi-attribute assessment approach was first proposed in 1980 by Thomas L. Saaty, and has been numerously used in regional planning. In addition, the dramatic model is based on seven hydrological parameters that include ground water static depth, net nutrient level, aquifer material, aquifer environment, soil or soil layer material, topography slope, the effect of the unsaturated environment and hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer.
3. METHODOLOGY
In terms of purposing, the present study is applied, and in terms of its nature and method, it is a descriptive and analytical research. Data collection has been done via documents and surveys. To achieve the objectives of the first research, the site's talent recognition camps for waste sanitary landfill, including five issues related to the human, hydrological, communication, environmental and topographic indicators, were identified with two variables. A total of 10 were identified. These criteria were estimated when a questionnaire was completed by 30 experts, using the AHP hierarchical process analysis, and it was valued in the Excel and Expert Choice environment, and the compatibility of each of the criteria and sub-criteria was estimated. Secondly, in order to prepare a vulnerability map for groundwater due to leakage of leachate, the seven hydrological parameters of the Drastic method were used, which include the following: groundwater depth (D), net nutrient (R), aquifer type or saturated environment (A), Soil layer (S), topographic gradient (T), influence of the environment of Vados, or unsaturated medium (I) and hydraulic conductivity (C). To show the mentioned spatial parameters, the layer of Shavur section of Shoosh was combined with the weights of the criteria in the ArcGIS 10.3 environment and the UTM coordinate system in Zone 39. Interpolation, Distance, and Surface functions in the Arc Toolbox menu were used to adjust the evaluation layers so that the most suitable and most demanding sites for rural waste disposal can be extracted from the output Layers. It should also be noted that for the production of the map of each of the parameters of the drastic method, the data from the study plan of hydro climate balance excavation of the Ahoodasht district of Shoosh city (Company in charge: Water and Power Organization of Khuzestan province) were used.
4. DISCUSSION
The results of the research show that from the total area of the site, about 39.38% of it is in a very inappropriate level. In other words, these areas are not suitable for waste landfill operations. After that, perfectly appropriate levels with 20.1%, appropriate levels of about 21% and relatively appropriate with 20.4% of the area are the next respectively. What is deducted from the final map is that from the total completely appropriate areas, three sites with titles; Landfill 1 to 3 have the best places to implement the project and have a better priority than other areas.

5. CONCLUSION
The proposed sites have been identified based on many environmental characteristics such as distance from surface water and underground water, distance from biological complexes such as towns and villages, distance from agricultural areas, distance from protected areas and proximity to major roads for ease of transfer and by taking into account the landfill location criteria. The location of each of the sites is as follows: Landfill No. 1, one kilometer away from Shavur, and two kilometers from the village of Khois, Landfill No. 2, seven kilometers from Alvan and two kilometers from the village of San Karim, and Landfill No 3. It is located nine kilometers from the city of Alvan and one km from the villages of Akiush in the south, and Khalaf Aziz in the north. In the end, it should be noted that any method, while having advantages, has limitations which can be determined in subsequent research by comparing the results of this method with other methods. The more numerous and more precise criteria and indicators are, the better the results will be. As a matter of fact, this requires further research in the future.

Keywords

• Rural solid waste disposal
• Analytical Hierarchy Process
• DRASTIC
• Geographic Information System
• Shavur
• Shoosh

---

References

1. Abedini, B., & Kamalirad, S. (2016). Landfill sitting using MCDM in Tehran Metropolitan. Journal of Urban and Environmental, 10(1), 11-24.

2. Agovino, M., Ferrara, M., & Garofalo, A. (2016). An Exploratory analysis on waste management in Italy; a focus on waste disposed in landfill. Journal of Land Use Policy, 57(6), 669-681.

3. Aldian, A., & Taylor, M. (2005). A consistent model to determine flexible weights for multi criteria transport project evaluation in developing countries. Journal of Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 6(1), 3948-3963.

4. Aller, L., Bennett, T., Lehr, J., Petty, R., & Hackett, G. (1987). Drastic: A standardized system for evaluating ground water pollution potential using hydrogeologic settings. Ada, Oklahoma, Cooperative Agreement CR 810715-01: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

5. Amirahmadi, A., Ebrahimi, M., Zangeneh, M.A., & Akbari, A. (1392/2013). Evaluation of the vulnerability of Neishabour aquifer by DRASTIC Method Using GIS. Journal of Geography and Environmental Hazards, 2(6), 37-56. [In Persian]

6. Anabestani, A.A., & Javanshiri, M. (1392/ 2013). Locating of suitable burial place of hysteresis in rural settlements (Case study: Villages of Khaf County). Journal of Geography and Environmental Hazards, 2(6), 103- 122. [In Persian]

7. Anabestani, A.A., Sojasi Qeidari, H.A., & Raesi, I. (1394/2015). The performance impact of dehyary on waste management in the villages of rural perspectives (Case study: Sarbok District Qasreqand County). Journal of Rural Researches, 6(2), 275-298. [In Persian]

8. Asghari Moghaddam, A., Fijani, E., & Nadiri, A. (1388/2009). Groundwater vulnerability assessment using GIS based DRASTIC model in the Bazargan and Poldasht plains. Journal of Environmental Studies, 35(52), 55-64. [In Persian]

9. Asghari Moghaddam, A., Fijani, E., & Nadiri, A. (1394/2015). Optimization of DRASTIC method by artificial intelligence for groundwater vulnerability assessment in Maragheh-Bonab plain. Journal of Geoscience, 24(94), 169-176. [In Persian]

10. Babiker, I.S., Mohamed, M.A., Hiyama, T., & Kato, K. (2005). A GIS based DRASTIC model for assessing aquifer vulnerability in Kakamigahara Heights; Gifu Prefecture Central Japan. Science of The Total Environment, 345(1–3), 127-140.

11. Barzegar, R., Asghari Moghaddam, A., Nadiri, A., & Fijani, E. (1394/2015). Using different fuzzy logic methods to optimize DRASTIC model (Case study: Tabriz Plain Aquifer). Journal of Geoscience, 24(95), 211-222. [In Persian]

12. Boroumandi, M., Khamehchyian, M., & Nikoudel, MR. (1394/2015). Hazardous wastes landfill site selection using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in Zanjan Province. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology (JEST), 16(4), 97-109. [In Persian]

13. Brown, W.M., Klosterman, R., & Brail R. (1993). AHP: Multiple Criteria Evaluation. (1th Ed.), Ohio: Urban Publications.

14. Chang, N., Parvathinathan, G., & Breeden, J. (2008). Combining GIS with Fuzzy Multicriteria Decision Making for landfill siting in a fast growing urban region. Journal of Environmental Management, 87(1), 139-153.

15. Chang, N.B., & Pires, A. (2015). Sustainable solid waste management: A systems engineering approach. (1th Ed.), London: Wiley IEEE Press.

16. Chitsazan, M., Dehghani, F., Rastmanesh, F., & Mirzaei, Y. (1392/2013). Solid waste disposal site selection using spatial information technologies and fuzzy AHP logic (Case study: Ramhormoz). Journal of RS and GIS for Natural Resources, 4(1), 39-55. [In Persian]

17. Daneshvar, R., Fernandes, L., Warith, M., & Daneshfar, B. (2005). Customizing ArcMap inter face to generate a user friendly landfill site selection, GIS tool. Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management, 31(1), 1-12.

18. Davami, A., Moharamnejad, N., Monavari, S.M., & Shariat, M. (1393/2014). Site evaluation of municipal solid waste landfill on wetland environment (Case study: Shadegan International Wetland). Journal of Wetland Ecobiology, 6(1), 57-72. [In Persian]

19. Dixon, B. (2005). Groundwater vulnerability mapping, a GIS and Fuzzy rule based integrated tool. Journal of Applied Geography, 25(4), 327-347.

20. Fahiminia, M., Ansari, M., Nazari, S., Gharib, M., Fahiminia, V., Nasseri, S., … Yousefi, N. (2014). Survey of solid waste and wastewater separate and combined management strategies in rural areas of Iran. Iranian Journal of Health Sciences, 2(4), 27-35.

21. Faraji Sabokbar, H.A., Salmani, M., Fereidoni, F., Karimzadeh, H., & Rahimi, H. (1389/ 2010). Using Analytic Network Process approach; Case study: The villages of Quchan County. Journal of Spatial Planning, 14(1), 127-149. [In Persian]

22. Gbanie, S., Tengbe, P., Momohb, J., Medo, J., & Kabba, V. (2013). Modelling landfill location using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA): Case study Bo, Southern Sierra Leone. Journal of Applied Geography, 36(4), 3-12.

23. Geneletti, D. (2010). Combining stakeholder analysis and spatial Multi Criteria evaluation to select and rank inert landfill sites. Journal of Waste Management, 30(2), 328-337.

24. Ghanavati, A.A., Taghavi Moghadam, E., & Massahe M. (1390/ 2011). Application of Multi Criteria Decision Making Methods in prioritizing appropriate areas for municipal waste landfill (Case study: Sabzevar City). Journal of Arid Regions Geographic Studies, 2(5), 89-106. [In Persian]

25. Gupta, S., GS, D., Amit, K., & PN. R. (2015). Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Model for evaluating sustainable manufacturing practices in Indian electrical panel industries. Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 189 (19), 208-216.

26. Hejazi, A. (1394/2015). Landfill site selection using spatial information technologies and AHP (Case study: Marageh Iran). Journal of Geography and Planning, 19(54), 105-125. [In Persian]

27. Higgs, G., & Langford, M. (2009). GIS science, environmental justice, estimating populations at risk: the case of landfills in Wales. Journal of Applied Geography, 29(1), 63-76.

28. Jafari, H.R., Rafiee, Y., Ramezani, M., & Nasiri, H. (1391/2012). Urban landfill site selection using AHP and SAW in GIS environment (Case study: Kohkiluye & Boyerahmad Province). Journal of Environmental Studies, 38(1), 131-140. [In Persian]

29. Kattaa, B., Fares, W., & Charideh, A.R. (2010). Groundwater vulnerability assessment for the Banyas Catchment of the Syrian coastal area using GIS and the riske method. Journal of Environmental Management, 91(5), 1103-1110.

30. Kontos, T., Komilis, D., Halvadakis, C. (2003). Siting MSW landfills on lesvos island with a GIS based methodology. Journal of Waste Management & Research, 21(3), 262-277.

31. Maiti, S.K., De, S., Hazra, T., Debsarkar, A., & Dutta, A. (2016). Characterization of leachate and its impact on surface and groundwater quality of a closed dumpsite; Case study: Dhapa, Kolkata India. Journal of Procedia Environmental Sciences, 4(35), 391-399.

32. Maleki, S. Taghizadeh, A., Rangzen, K., Heydariyan, P., & Azizi, S. (1393/2014). Urban waste disposal site selection with methods of Fuzzy AHP & Fuzzy TOPSIS in GIS Media (Case study: Pakdasht City of Tehran County). Journal of Health and Development, 3(1), 1-13. [In Persian]

33. Marin, L., Torres, V., Bolongaro, A., Reyna, J., Pohle, O., Hernandez, A., … Francisco, H. (2012). Identifying suitable sanitary landfill locations in the State of Morelos, Mexico, using a Geographic Information System. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 37-39(19), 2-9.

34. Melo, A., Calijuri, M., Duarte, I., Azevedo, R., & Lorentz, J. (2006). Strategic decision analysis for selection of landfill sites. Journal of Surveying Engineering, 132(2), 83-92.

35. Mirtorabi, M., Shafiee, Sh., & Rezvanfar, A. (1392/2013). Using information sources & communication channels in the admissions process rural waste comprehensive management. Journal of Natural Environment, 66(3), 329-339. [In Persian]

36. Moeinaddini, M. (1386/2007). Site selection for solid waste sanitary landfill for Karaj city by using Analytical Hierarchy Process and GIS. Unpublished master's thesis, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran. [In Persian]

37. Motamedi, M., Gholinejad, A., Sabet, M., & Hataminejad, H. (1393/2014). Investigation on the geographical location of the municipal waste landfill (Case study: Farooj City). Journal of Management System, 23(90), 106-112. [In Persian]

38. Motekan, A., Shakiba A.R., Pourali, H. & Nazmfar, H. (1387/2008). Site selection of suitable sites for landfill using GIS (Case study: Tabriz city). Journal of Environmental Science, 6(2), 121-132. [In Persian]

39. Muhammad, A., Zhonghua, T., Dawood, A., & Earl, B. (2015). Evaluation of local groundwater vulnerability based on DRASTIC index method in Lahore, Pakistan. Journal of Geifisica Internacional, 54(1), 67-81.

40. Nakhaee, M., Amiri, V., & Rahimi, M. (1392/2013). Assess the potential contamination of groundwater in the aquifer sensitivity analysis Khatoonabad using DRASTIC Model based on GIS. Journal of Advanced Applied Geology, 3(8), 1-10. [In Persian]

41. Nampak, H., Pradhan, B., & Manap, M. (2014). Application of GIS based data driven evidential belief function model to predict groundwater potential zonation. Journal of Hydrology, 513(52), 283-300.

42. Naseri, F. & Saremi Nejad, F. (1392/2013). Compare aquifer vulnerability assessment DRASTIC method and Fuzzy Logic (Case study: Dashte Goalgir of Masjed Soleiman). Journal of Natural Geography, 4(11), 17-34. [In Persian]

43. Nazari, A., Salarirad, M., & Bazzazi, A. (2012). Landfill site selection by decision-making tools based on fuzzy multi attribute decision making method. Journal of Environmental Earth Sciences, 65(6), 1631-1642.

44. Nemati, M., Abiyat, M., & Daneshian, H. (1394/2015). Application model DRASTIC in rural waste disposal site selection (Case study: Villages of Karoon County). Journal of Research and Rural Planning, 4(4), 111-126. [In Persian]

45. Nobre, R.C.M., Rotunno Filho, O.C., Mansur, W.J., Nober, M.M.M., & Cosenza, C.AN. (2007). Groundwater vulnerability and risk mapping using GIS, modeling and a Fuzzy Logic tool. Journal of Contamination Hydrology, 94(3-4), 277-292.

46. Pourkhabbaz, H.R., & Pourkhabbaz, A.R. (1390/2011). Assessment and site selection municipal solid waste Sanitary Burial. (1d Ed.), Tehran: Iran's Municipalities and Village Administrators Municipalities. [In Persian]

47. Prasad, R., Singh, V., Krishnamacharyulu, S., & Banerjee, P. (2010). Application of DRASTIC model and GIS: for assessing vulnerability in Hard Rock Granitic aquifer. Journal of Environmental Monitoring & Assessment, 176(1-4), 143-155.

48. Qalibaf, M.B., Shabani Fard, M. (1390/2011). Assessment and Prioritization of urban tourist attractions for developing urban tourism based on Multivariate Decision Criteria (Case study: Sanandj City). Journal of Geographical Research, 26(2), 147-172. [In Persian]

49. Qudsipour, H. (1390/2011). Analytical Hierarchy Process, (1td Ed.): Tehran: Amirkabir University of Technology Press. [In Persian]

50. Rahman A. (2008). A GIS based DRASTIC model for assessing groundwater vulnerability in shallow aquifer in Aligarh, India. Journal of Applied Geography, 28(1), 32-53.

51. Rao, R., & Davim, J. (2008). A Decision Making Framework model for material selection using combined Multiple Attribute Decision Making method. Journal of Adv Manufacturing Technology, 35(7), 751-760.

52. Rezazadeh, M., Seyedmahalleh, E., Mehrdadi, N., & Kootenaei, F. (2014). Landfill site selection for babol using Fuzzy Logic method. Journal of Civil Engineering and Urbanism, 4(3), 261-265.

53. Rezvani, M.R., Nazari, V., & Khorasani, M.A. (1389/2010). Lexicon of concepts and phrases in rural planning and development, (1td Ed.), Tehran: ACEC Tehran Branch Press. [In Persian]

54. Safari Alamouti1, P., & Shams, A. (1395/2016). The factor analysis of problems of rural waste management in Qazvin County. Journal of Rural Development Strategies, 3(1), 77-94. [In Persian]

55. Safeepour, M., Mokhtari Chelche, S., Hosseini, S.R., & Soleymanirad, I. (1394/ 2015). Locating the rural waste landfills by using integrating Multi Criteria Decision Making model in GIS environment (Case study: Shahrekord County). Journal of Research and Rural Planning, 4(4), 57-75. [In Persian]

56. Saffari, A. (1395/2016). Waste management strategies in rural (Case study: Center Ojaroud Rural District in Germi County). Journal of Space Economics and Rural Development. 2(1), 71-91. [In Persian]

57. Salari, M. (1390/2011). Site selection for urban solidwaste disposal using GIS (Case study: Shiraz city). Unpublished master's thesis, Faculty of Water Sciences Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran. [In Persian]

58. Salimi, M., Ebrahimi, A., & Salimi, A. (1393/2014). Aquifer vulnerability assessment using the DRASTIC model at new landfill site in Isfahan. Journal of Health System Research, 10(2), 395-405. [In Persian]

59. Schlosser, O., Robert, S., & Debeaupuis, C. (2016). Aspergillus fumigatus and mesophilic moulds in air in the surrounding environment downwind of non-hazardous waste landfill sites. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 219(3), 239-251.

60. Sekulović, D., & Jakovljević, G. (2016). Landfill site selection using GIS technology and the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Journal of Vojnotehnicki Glasnik, Military Technical Courier, 64(3), 769-783.

61. Sener, S., Sener, E., Nas, B., & Karagüzel, R. (2010). Combining AHP with GIS for landfill site selection (Case study: Lake Beysehir Catchment Area, Konya, Turkey). Journal of Waste Management, 30(11), 2037-2046.

62. Shahraki, F.A., Aghasi, A.V., Shahraki, F.A., & Zarei, A.R. (1392/2013). Vulnerability mapping of the hashtgerd aquifer using DRASTIC method and sensitivity analysis. Journal of Water and Wastewater, 21(2), 61-70. [In Persian]

63. Sheheli, S. (2007). Waste disposal and management system in rural areas of mymensingh. Journal of Progress Agriculture, 18(2), 241-246.

64. Shepard, R. (2005). Quantifying environmental impact assessments using Fuzzy Logic. (1th Ed.). New York: Springer Publications.

65. Sumathi, V., Natesan, U., & Sarkar, C. (2008). GIS based approach for optimized siting of municipal solid waste landfill. Journal of Waste Management, 28(11), 2146-2160.

66. Vafadoost, N., Mikaniki, J., & Ashrafi, A. (1395/2016). Zoning the lands of Gonabad city by Analytic Network Process (ANP) for burying rural waste. Journal of Geography and Environmental Hazards, 5(17), 87-104. [In Persian]

67. Victorine Neh, A., Ako, A., Richard Ayuk, A., & Hosono, T. (2015). DRASTIC-GIS model for assessing vulnerability to pollution of the phreatic aquiferous formations in Douala, Cameroon. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 102(11), 180-190.

68. Voudouris. K., Nazakis. N., Polemio. M., & Kareklas. K. (2010). Assessment of intrinsic vulnerability using the DRASTIC model and GIS in the Kiti aquifer, Cyprus. Journal of European Water, 30, 13-24.

69. Yamani, M., & Alizadeh, S. (1394/2015). Site Locating landfill in hashtgerd area by using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS). Journal of Geographic Information, 24(96), 79-90. [In Persian]

70. Yazdani, M, Monaveri, S.M., Omrani, Q.A., Shariat, M., & Hosseini, S.M. (1394/2015). Assess the appropriateness of municipal landfills using GIS (Case study: West Mazandaran Province). Journal of Remote Sensing and GIS in Natural Resources, 6(1), 31-46. [In Persian]

71. Zamorano, M., Molero, E., Hurtado, A., Grindlay, A., & Ramos, A. (2008). Evaluation of municipal landfill site in Southern Spain with GIS aided methodology. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 160(2-3), 473-481.