ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effects of Implementing the Rural Guide Plan on the Skeletal Development of Rural Settlements (Case Study: Somarin District in Ardabil County)
Extended abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
Throughout the human history, villages have played significant roles in the systems of settlement, occupation and production in particular, and in the development and progress of the society in general. In these regards, it seems that there is a great need for planning and management of affairs. Development planning, as one area of planning used by governments, is being utilized for providing a proper infrastructure and developing rural areas. Here, the improper conditions and problems of the physical texture of villages compared to today living conditions highlight the need for the skeletal planning. Since 1987, Housing Foundation of Islamic Revolution has started preparing and implementing the Rural Guide Plan for providing proper skeletal planning and developing the rural skeletal space, whose major parts enjoy physical-skeletal natures. In this article, we attempt to evaluate the effect of implementing the Rural Guide Plan on promoting indicators of skeletal development in rural settlements. Therefore, the present study is to provide answer to this question: does implementing Rural Guide Plan have any effect on the skeletal development of the rural settlements?
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The strategy of development and improving rural infrastructures is considered as strategies defined and implemented in the framework of the physical-skeletal approach in the rural development. In the area of improving the rural infrastructure, one of the main plans which was taken into account after the Islamic revolution of Iran for the skeletal development of the villages was providing and implementing the Rural Guide Plan. This plan is the official guideline for guiding constructional operations and prosperity of villages by having some knowledge about their cultural, social and economic conditions. In the framework of the rural guide plan, those projects which lead to the transformation of rural skeleton and thus achieve rural development are implemented. Now in the framework of the Rural Guide Plan the skeletal-developmental projects such as the construction and renovation of walkway and street network, development of green space, rebuilding and covering canals in villages, constructing and completing the projects of sewage disposal systems and others are performed. These projects have effects on the environmental, economic and social aspects of villages in addition to the skeletal dimension.
3. METHODOLOGY
The present study is an evaluation research which is considered applied in terms of nature. This evaluation study is related to the activities of the Housing Foundation of Islamic Revolution in the framework of the Rural Guide Plan and since the plan has not passed the 10-year period, the study is considered as an intermediate evaluation. The collection of data was performed using library and field studies. The related data of theoretical foundations and the literature of the study were collected through library method and the field study was conducted by utilizing a questionnaire (a five-point Likert Scale). The validity of the questionnaire was verified by figures at universities and in Housing Foundation of Islamic Revolution. Moreover, the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated using Cronbach Alpha and the overall value of 0.78 was obtained. The statistical population of the study includes villages in Somarin District where the Rural Guide Plan was implemented. Among seven villages with the Rural Guide Plan, three of them were selected as samples using principal components analysis. For determining the sample size in the level of rural households, the Cochran sampling method was utilized with the confidence level of 95% and error level of 1.5% whereby 201 samples were obtained. The analysis of the obtained data has been conducted using Excel and SPSS soft wares.
4. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION
In the present study the effect of implementing the Rural Guide Plan was evaluated from viewpoints of villagers (who witnessed the effects of implementing Rural Guide Plan). The results of the study revealed that implementing Rural Guide Plan has medium to high impacts on the skeletal development of rural settlements: 32.1% of respondents believed that the impact of implementing the Rural Guide Plan was medium while 37% of respondents believed in high impact of it. These cases are explained by 69.2% of respondents in this study. In studying the indicators of the skeletal development, it was revealed that the indicator of “surface water disposal pathways and canals” has medium impact, and the indicators of "rural housing construction", "quality of rural land use and site selection" and "quality of access to services" have high impacts on the rural settlements. Therefore, the Rural Guide Plan, which is considered as a significant plan for improving the skeletal texture and rural constructions, could have positive effects. Meanwhile, in the aforementioned goals for this plan and also in the charter of Housing Foundation for providing the Rural Guide Plan, economic, social and cultural goals were also considered, though, they are regarded as side goals and generally they become practical through achieving the physical-skeletal goals. Finally, it is worth mentioning that all changes in skeletal Texture made by implementing Rural Guide Plan could not be regarded as positive.
https://jrrp.um.ac.ir/article_29142_31f7a28332161445a07c14ae6f87e9f2.pdf
2017-06-01
1
18
10.22067/jrrp.v5i4.47318
Rural guide plan
indicators of skeletal development in village
Effectiveness
housing foundation
Ardebil
Hamid
Jalalian
hamidjalalian@khu.ac.ir
1
Kharazmi university
LEAD_AUTHOR
Saieed
Khodaiee
aminieyvaz@yahoo.com
2
Kharazmi University
AUTHOR
Eyvaz
Amini Qovaghlou
3
Kharazmmi University
AUTHOR
1. Ahmadi, M. R. (1388/2009). Evaluating the effect of physical plan on the optimal development of rural settlements. Paper presented at the First National Conference on Housing and Physical Development of Villages, Zahedan, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran. [In Persian]
1
2. Ahmadian, R., Mohammadi Makrani, H., & Mousavi, S. (1387/2008). The formal characteristics of rural texture of Iran. Quarterly of Abadi, 18(24), 1-16. [In Persian]
2
3. Ammar, T., & Samimi Sharemi, B. (1388/2009). Evaluating the physical effects of implementation of the rural guide plan (Case study: Khomam district of Rasht county). Journal of Housing and Rural Environment, 28(127), 44-55. [In Persian]
3
4. Anabestani, A. A. (1388/2009). Physical Impact Assessment rural guide plans (Case Study: West villages of Khorasan Razavi). Paper presented at the First National Conference on Housing and Physical Development of Villages, Zahedan, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran. [In Persian]
4
5. Anabestani, A. A., & Akbari, M. H. (1391/2012). Assessment of rural guide plan and its role in physical development of village from viewpoints of villagers (Case study: Jahrom county). Journal of Human Geography Research, 44(4), 93-110. [In Persian]
5
6. Azimi, N., & Jamshidian, M. (1384/2005). Studying the physical effects of rural guide plan on (Case study of villages of west Gilan). Journal of Fine Arts, 8(22), 25-34. [In Persian]
6
7. Azimi, N., Molaei Hashtjin, N., & Asheghi, A. (1391/2012). Local perspectives on the impact of implementing rural guide plan on the physical development (Case study of Miandoab County). Journal of Geographical Landscape (Human Studies), 7(19), 25-37. [In Persian]
7
8. Azizpour, F., & Hosseini Hassel, S. (1387/2008). Review on physical transformation process of the country (with an emphasis on rural guide plan). Journal of Housing and Rural Environment, 27(123), 42-55. [In Persian]
8
9. Blaikie, N. (1384/2005). Designing social research. (6th ed., H. Chavoshiyan, Trans.). Tehran: Ney Publications. [In Persian]
9
10. Deputy of Rural Development. (1382/2003). Assessment of implementing the rural guide plan. Tehran: Housing Foundation of Islamic Revolution Publication. [In Persian]
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11. Habibpour, K., & Safari Shali, R. (1388/2009). The comprehensive manual for using SPSS in survey studies (5th ed.). Tehran: Motafakeran Publication. [In Persian]
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12. Hesamian, F., Etemad, G., & Haeri, M. R. (1387/2008). Urbanization in Iran. Tehran: Agah Publications. [In Persian]
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13. Iran’s Municipalities and Villages Administrators. (1387/2008). Encyclopedia of urban and rural management. Tehran: Municipalities and Rural Management Organization Publication. [In Persian]
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14. Mirza Amini, M. R. (1386/2007). What is rural development? Tehran: Andishgah-E- Sharif Publication. [In Persian]
14
15. Mohammad-Yeganeh, B., Nabati, A., & Cheraghi, M. (1391/2012). Explaining the impact of implementing the rural guide plan on improving the quality of life in rural regions (Case study: Karani Dehestan in Bijar county). Journal of Housing and Rural Environments, 31(139), 99-115. [In Persian]
15
16. Motiee Langaroudi, S. H., & Yari, A. (1389/2010). Environmental protection and planning rural development with an emphasis on evaluating rural guide plan. Journal of Geography and Environmental Planning, 21(3), 45-60. [In Persian]
16
17. Mozaffar, F., Hoseini, S. B., Solymani, M., Torkashvand, A., & Sarmadi, A. A. (1387/2008). Evaluating the effects of implementing rural guide plan on the environment of villages in Iran. Journal of Environmental Science, 5(3), 11-31. [In Persian]
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18. Papoli-e-Yazdi, M. H., & Ebrahimi, M. A. (1385/2006). The theory of rural development. Tehran: SAMT Publications. [In Persian]
18
19. Pourtaheri, M., Rokneddin Eftekhari, A., & Abbasi, M. (2012). Evaluating the performance of the rural guide plans in physical development of the rural settlements (Case study: Nabovat and Khoran villages in Eyvangharb County). Journal of Geography and Sustainability of Environment, 2(5), 25-36. [In Persian]
19
20. Research Institute of Natural Disasters. (1388/2009). Evaluating the effects of the implementing the rural guide plan. Tehran: Housing Foundation of Islamic Revolution Publication. [In Persian]
20
21. Rezaei, R., & Shokati Amqani, M. (1392/2013). Identifying and analyzing the effects of implementing rural guide plan in the rural regions of Osko county (Case study: Sarin Dizaj village). Journal of Housing and Rural Environment, 32(144), 75-86. [In Persian]
21
22. Rezvani, M. R. (1379/2000). Rural planning and development in Iran: From theory to practice. Journal of Geographical Researches, 39, 65-77. [In Persian]
22
23. Rezvani, M. R. (1383/2004). An introduction to rural development planning in Iran. Tehran: Ghoomes Publication. [In Persian]
23
24. Saeidi, A., & Rastgar, E. (1388/2009). The effectiveness of development projects in socio-economic development of rural settlements (Case study: Villages of Varavi district in Mehr county). Journal of Geography, 7(22), 47-63. [In Persian]
24
25. Shahbazi, A. (2010). An introduction to the pathology of rural development. Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University press. [In Persian]
25
26. Shamai, A., Ahmadabadi, F., & Ahmadabadi, H. (1393/2014). Assessing the effects of the implementing the rural guide plan on rural settlements (Case study: Neyshabour county). Journal of Research and Rural Planning, 3(6), 75-88. [In Persian]
26
27. Sharghayand Consulting Engineers. (1391/2012). The codification plan of physical development in villages of the country. Tehran: Housing Foundation of Islamic Revolution Publication. [In Persian]
27
28. Statistical Center of Iran. (1390/2011). Birth certificate villages of Ardabil province. Tehran: Iran Statistics Center. [In Persian]
28
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The role of road in the development of rural areas, with emphasis on diversification of economic activities (Case Study: Chavarzagh Dehestan in Tarom County)
Extended abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
Rural areas in developing countries face with many challenges. This has led theorists, planners and decision-makers to adopt new approaches seek to provide solutions and new methods in the process of rural development to the Reduce problems in these regions. A logical solution in this area is, the idea of the diversity of economic activities in rural settlements in developing countries, which improve the non-agricultural employment opportunities and improve the welfare of rural households and also reduces the risk of agricultural products. These requires appropriate infrastructure. One of these infrastructure is, rural roads which can create new sources of income, leading to a more diversified revenue structure that can reduce the vulnerability of households to economic shocks.
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The idea of diversification of economic activities is a means to accelerate economic development in different levels which is important in promoting the welfare and security of the region's economy. This idea was proposed in developing countries to improve the terms of trade and economic growth after the Second World War and also in recent decades, the creation of global crises and natural such as War, drought, global inflation causing attention to the diversification of the economy, particularly the rural economy in recent years that in rural areas seeking for employment opportunities and development of sources of income for regions residents provides The best opportunity for economic and organizational solutions. The importance of this approach is that when the agricultural sector facing with stagnation the non- agricultural rural economy can eliminate some damages. This requires appropriate infrastructure. One of these is infrastructure, rural roads, that it is first factor for economic development areas, particularly in rural areas that has a significant impact on economic growth and poverty reduction through wide ranges of mechanisms. This factor with connecting remote and isolated areas, helped increasing relation between producers, Local markets and commercial products, as a result, income increase, improve the job security of small farmers, strengthening entrepreneurial opportunities, improving the business security of small-scale farmers, enhancing of the productivity of factors of production.
3. METHODOLOGY
This research is applied and the method is analytical– descriptive. Data collected method is field studies and documental. From a 2742 households in Chawarzagh County, 250 respondents were selected by using Cochran formula. For data analysis, statistical tests such as Wilcoxon, one sample T test, two sample T test was used.
4. DISCUSSION
The results of the study show a significant difference in diversification of rural economic activity in the periods before and after creation road zanjan- taham- chavarzagh. So that the diversification components to income sources in rural areas and improve infrastructure products and services show the highest rate respectively and and the investment index in the off- rural shows the lowest. Sample t-test for alpha level of 0.01 is significant in all dimensions. In addition, Two-sample t-test results in the two groups of villages to 5 km of the road and most villages in the distance from the road showed significant differences in the level 99.
5. CONCLUSION
Literature and research related to the research topic showed that development of access roads in rural areas has a several impact on the diversification of economic activity and as a result development of economic infrastructures. In this study, using theoretical studies, economic implications rural roads in five categories of indicators are considered as:
1- Improving employment opportunities in non-agricultural activities;
2- Improving employment opportunities in agricultural activities;
3- Improve products and services infrastructures;
4- Diversification of sources of income in rural areas; and
5- Investment outside the village.
The significant difference in the average number Obtained calculating the components of a variety of economic activities Inventory data from among the heads of households in the villages of samples before and after the roads Zanjan brave Chavarzqh. In all components there are difference. So that in order the most significant difference in the components of diversifying sources of income in rural areas, improve infrastructure to manufacturing and services, and the smallest difference in investment outside the village. Also average number variants examined in the study also shows the high level components in all cases, so that to be able road construction Zanjan – taham – chavarzagh play a decisive role in Diversification to sources of income in rural areas, improve infrastructure products and services, improving employment opportunities in agriculture and non-agricultural activities, investments outside the village and etc… In the rural area of study. In addition, showed two-sample t-test results in the two groups of villages to 5 km of the road and most villages in the distance from the road significant differences in the level 99. In the other hand difference means and 95 percent confidence interval for the difference between the two groups showed positive results that can show improve the effectiveness of the road in all indices of the survey.
https://jrrp.um.ac.ir/article_29158_8964de723b39b89910f51e8911a935fc.pdf
2017-06-01
19
33
10.22067/jrrp.v6i1.47621
Rural Development
transport
Rural economy
Tarom County
Jamshid
Eynali
einalia@gmail.com
1
University of Zanjan
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mahdi
Cheraghi
mahdicharaghi@yahoo.com
2
Universityof Tehran
AUTHOR
Adel
Brouki Milan
adelmilan69@yahoo.com
3
University of Zanjan
AUTHOR
1. Arethun. T., & Bhatta, B. P. (2012). Contribution of Rural Roads to Access to-and Participation in Markets: Theory and Results from Northern Ethiopia. Journal of Transportation Technologies, 2(02), 165-174.
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5. Banjo, G., Gordon, H., & Riverson, J. (2012). Rural Transport: Improving its contribution to growth and poverty reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy Program, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank.
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6. Bazarghan, A. (1389/2010). Diversification of the rural economy for sustainable development, Case study: Mojezat Village of Zanjan County. Unpublished master’s thesis, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran. [In Persian]
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7. Christiaan, G., & Calvo, C. M. (2002). Socioeconomic impact assessment of rural roads: methodology and questionnaires. Impact Evaluation report, INFTD, World Bank, Washington, DC.
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8. Christiaensen, L., Weerdt, J., & Todo, Y. (2013). Urbanization and poverty reduction: the role of rural diversification and secondary towns1. Agricultural Economics, 44(4-5), 435-447.
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9. Cuciureanu, M. S. (2012). Importance of Road Infrastrucuture in Rural Developement Botosani. Agronomy Series of Scientific Research/Lucrari Stiintifice Seria Agronomie, 55.
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15. Farahmand, SH. (1391/2012). The impact of economic diversity and expertise the province's growth and employment in Iran. Journal of Economic Research, 47(3), 45 - 63. [In Persian]
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18. Ghaderi, N. (1389/2010). The role of road the structural and functional changes of rural settlements with an emphasis on economic and physical factors (case study: Tabriz-Zanjan highway). Unpublished master’s thesis, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran. [In Persian]
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19. Ghol mohamadi, F., & Ebramimi, M. E. (1391/2012). Rural roads and sustainable development. The fourth national conference of geography student, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran. [In Persian]
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20. Grootaert, C., & Calvo, C. M. (2002). Socioeconomic impact assessment of rural roads: methodology and questionnaires. Impact Evaluation report, INFTD, World Bank, Washington, DC.
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21. Holland. H., Burian. M., & Dixey. L. (2003). Tourism in poor rural areas: Diversifying the product and expanding the benefits in rural Uganda and the Czech Republic. Journal of Rural Study, 12(36), 1-13.
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43. Yaghobi, S., Menhaj, M.H., & Motamed, M. K. (1392/2013). The Role of rural roads to improve the economic situation of farmers. The first Congress of agriculture and sustainable natural resources, Institute for Higher Education Mehr Arvand, Tehran, Iran. [In Persian]
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44. Zamora, O.M. (2011). Development instruments for the cross-border cooperation in Ukraine. Poland, Warsawa: Warsaw University of Life Sciences Press.
44
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Analyzing the Barriers and Limitations of Rural Women Employment (Case Study: Tuyserkan County)
Extended abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
Employment is critical for poverty reduction and for enhancing women’s status, especially in rural community. The notion of work and self-employment for women is complex and different factors affect women employment. Based on research results and experiences in developing countries, in rural areas, women as a significant part of the population, face some social, cultural, economic and institutional limitation for starting or promoting a business. In this research, through a survey in a rural society, most of the barriers and limitations of rural women employment were distinguished and analyzed.
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Rural employment is a key to economic and social development in many countries like Iran. That’s why many researchers tried to find solutions and strategies for progression of rural employment especially for women, and also the barriers and obstacles of rural women self-employment. Based on researches, many different barriers can prevent the process of starting and developing a business. Some studies showed that socio-economic barrier like family opposition or lack of family supports, lack of women self-confidence and some cultural values and belief against women self-employment prevent the progression of women business in rural areas. Also, generally rural women have less access to fund and credit and this factor can limit the rate of self-employment and entrepreneurship by rural women. Lack of empowerment and skill is another issue that decreases the level of business starting by rural women. Personal characteristic and competence is also needed for staring a new business. Some researchers showed that lack of some competencies like self-confidence, ambiguity tolerance, risk taking and spirit of independence can prevent the level of self-employment intention. Based on researches, different barriers could have different influences on different societies and that’s why, for drawing a conceptual map for barriers of women employment and entrepreneurship, quantitative survey is needed. In this survey research, the role of different cultural, social, personal and institutional barriers and limitations of rural women employment were assessed through a factor analysis.
3. METHODOLOGY
The current applied research is a quantitative and non-experimental study in terms of variables controlling. The main purpose of the study was to distinguish and analyze the most important barriers and limitations of rural women’s employment. To do that, 150 rural women in Tuyserkan, Hamedan province, were selected randomly as research sample. Based on review of theoretical literature, a structured questionnaire was made and used as a main tool to collect data. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed by panel of experts and the Reliability was measured by "Cronbach α" test (α=0.81). In order to analyze data, both SPSS18 and LISREL8.8 software were used. The SPSS was used for describing data and factor analysis and the LISREL was used in order to modelling structural equations. The results of structural equations showed good fitness of the model used for analyzing barriers of rural women employment. (RMSEA=0.063, AGFI=0.8, GFI=0.93(.
4. DISCUSSION
Findings showed that rural women in this research face a group of limitations and barriers in starting and managing their business. Using exploratory factor analysis revealed that four main obstacles are very important in the process of starting and promoting business by rural women in their point of view. The most important factors were socio-cultural barriers like family opposition, lack of women self-confidence and some cultural values and belief against women self-employment (with 22.03% of barriers’ variances). This factor with some other barriers such as economic-environmental, personality and training-supporting barriers explained 62.30% of the variances of employment barriers.
5. CONCLUSION:
According to the research results, it was found that rural women in this survey face different limitation and barriers in the process of self-employment which can influence on this process differently. Based on the research, it is recommended to pay attention to some cultural programs through media or social activities in order to reform some social and cultural barriers such as traditional mindset towards women's empowerment and their participation. It is also essential to provide learning opportunities for both men and women in rural areas in order to believe women and daughter abilities and empowerments in economic and social activities. The research results can help policymakers and managers to develop suitable supportive plans in different stages of starting and managing rural business by women.
https://jrrp.um.ac.ir/article_29174_ef468df2796d1895c1da1f46499b92a0.pdf
2017-06-01
35
48
10.22067/jrrp.v5i4.47639
Rural women
employment
employment barriers
Tuyserkan County
Heshmatollah
Sa’adi
hsaadi48@yahoo.com
1
Bu-Ali Sina University
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ahmad
Yaghoubi Farani
yaghoubi@basu.ac.ir
2
Bu-Ali Sina University
AUTHOR
Leila
Zoleikhaei Sayyar
la.zolikhai@gmail.com
3
Bu Ali Sina University
AUTHOR
Fatemeh
Ghahremani
donyaghahremani@yahoo.com
4
Bu-Alli Sina University
AUTHOR
1. Alidoust, S., & Lashgarara, F. (1392/2013). Barriers to rural women entrepreneurship development (Case study: Garmsar County). Journal of Agricultural Extension and Education Research, 6(1), 7-16. [In Persian]
1
2. Alizadeh, M. (1389/2010). The role of women employment in development. Journal of Women and Culture, 2(5), 49-59. [In Persian]
2
3. Amini, A. M., & Ahmadi Shapourabadi, M. A. (1386/2007). Rural women's employment in two townships of Esfahan province. Journal of Women's Studies, 5(1), 65-91. [In Persian]
3
4. Babai Zakliki, M. (1385/2006). Challenges of women for promotion to managerial positions in public organizations. Journal of Humanities Instructor, 46, 82-45. [In Persian]
4
5. Barker, L. & Allen, S. H. (1976). The Interdependence of work and Marriage, in Dependence and Exploitation in Work and Marriage. Newyork: Longmans.
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13. Farzi, Z., & Ranjbar, M. (1385/2006). Women in Iran's laws and regulations. Tehran: Ranjbar and Farzi Publications [In Persian]
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14. Ghanbari, Y., Hajjariyan, A., Ansari, R., & Kiyani, F. (1391/2012). Encouraging and discouraging factors for rural women participation in agricultural activities, case study: Fereidoonshahr County. Journal of Research and Rural Planning, 2, 71-87. [In Persian]
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15. Hemmati Winneh, H., Abedi Sarveatani, A., Abdullah Zadeh, Q. H., & Mahbobi, M. R. (1391/2012). Domestic employment and business barriers for women: A study of rural women in Kermanshah city. National Conference on entrepreneurship and business management knowledge. Toroudshomal Research-Industrial Company, Babolsar, Iran. [In Persian]
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16. Jelodar Fallah, R., Farajollah Hosseini, S. J., Hosseini, S. M., & Mirdamadi, S. M. (1386/2007). Factors contributing to the success of rural women’s entrepreneurship in north of Iran. Journal of Village and Development, 10(4), 87-115. [In Persian]
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20. Mahmoudiyan, H., & Rashvand, M. (1391/2012). Demographic and social factors affecting women's employment of higher education graduates (Case study: Tehran city). Journal of Women in Development & Politics, 10(1), 83-104. [In Persian]
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24. Mirakzadeh, A., Aliabadi, V., & Shams, A. (1389/2010). Analyzed barriers to rural women's participation in education and extension programs. Journal of Village and Development, 13(2), 147-165. [In Persian]
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38
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evaluation of Variables Affecting People's Participation in Soil Pasture and Watershed Management Projects (Case Study: Kouskabad Watershed in Khorasan Razavi)
Extended abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
The degree of public participation in development programs is a major determinant of success or failure of the programs, but the factors which make people participate still remain unknown. Many studies have developed numerous and sometimes different views concerning the dimensions of participation. The present study is designed to analyze people's participation in soil and water resources management programs by using the framework of social exchange theory.
Regarding the importance of the watershed plans on one hand and extensive effects of these plans in the rural regions on the other hand, the main purpose of this descriptive – corrective survey is to identify and analyze the effect of watershed plans implemented in Kushk-Abad village in Khorasan Razavi province. The basic purpose of this study is to analyze the factors influencing rural people’s participation in National Resource Projects for Sustainable Management of Watershed Management Program (WMP) in Kardeh Dam Basin.
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The framework of this study is based on social exchange theory. The central idea of social exchange theory is that the exchange of social and material resources is a fundamental form of human interaction. This theory basically asserts that people develop attitudes toward other people and things in the context of anticipated personal benefits and costs to be derived from contacting with them. Activities that generate net benefits will tend to be perceived positively, while those activities that generate net losses will tend to be perceived negatively. Social exchange theory poses that all human relations are formed by the use of a subjective cost-benefit analysis and the comparison of alternatives. For social exchange theorists, when the costs and benefits are equal in a relationship, then, that relationship is defined as equitable. The notion of equity is a core part of social exchange theory.
3. METHODOLOGY:
The statistical population includes head of households who dwell in Kardeh village and participated in this project. The statistical population of this study consisted of all the heads of households of Kushk-Abad village (N= 1250). Based on Kerjcie and Morgan Table, a sample of 200 person was selected using simple random sampling. Data were collected from face-to-face interviews with respondents based on a structured questionnaire. The main instrument of the survey was a questionnaire whose validity was established by an experts’ panel consisting of specialists in natural resources extension. It's reliability was established by calculating Coronbach’s alpha coefficient for measuring level of rural people’s participation in WMP. A pilot study was conducted to establish reliability of the questionnaire. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used for the main scale of questionnaire, which scored more than 0.85, confirming its appropriate reliability. Collected data were analyzed using the SPSS win18 software.
4. DISCUSSION:
The findings of research showed that household size, times of traveling to town, level of participation in previous projects, awareness of plan goals, awareness of degradation impacts of natural resources, need to social solidarity, contact with technical experts, and visiting sample projects are positively and significantly (p
https://jrrp.um.ac.ir/article_29216_e71429a9d9e039d245b63fb6a1afcb5e.pdf
2017-06-01
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68
10.22067/jrrp.v6i1.51687
People participation
watershed management project
Rural Development
Bahram
Mohammadi Golrang
b_golrang@yahoo.com
1
Elmi-Karbordi
LEAD_AUTHOR
Food See
Lai
sa.f@yahoo.com
2
Universiti Putra Malaysia
AUTHOR
Seyyed Hamid Reza
Sadeghi
sadeghi_modares@yahoo.com
3
Tarbiat Modares University
AUTHOR
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3
4. Bagherian, R., Bahaman, A., Asnarulkhadi, A., & Ahmad, S. S. (2009). Community participation in watershed management programs. Journal of Social Sciences, 5(3), 251-256.
4
5. Bagherian, R., Goodarzi, M., & Shadfar, S. (2011). Relationship between attitude toward watershed management programs and level of participation. Journal of Scientific Research, 9(3), 324-329.
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7. Dolisca, F., Douglas, R. C., Joshua, M. M., Daniel Weber, D., & Ashlil, S. (2006). Factors influencing farmers participation in forestry management programs: A case study from Haiti. Journal of Forest Ecology and Management, 23, 324-331.
7
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8
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23. Liuo, T., Larson, K., & Lach, D. (2010). Participants and non-participants of place-based groups: An assessment of attitudes and implications for public participation in water resources management. Journal of Environmental Management, 88(4), 817-830.
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26. Mohammadi, B. G., Sadeghi, S. H. R., & Vahedi, A. (2015). Farmers’ attitude toward the soil conservation practices in the Kushk-Abad catchment basins in the province of Khorasan Razavi, Iran. International Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Research and Technology in Extension and Education Systems, 5(2), 71-82.
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39
40. Shafiee, F., Rezvanfar, A., & Hohieni, M. (2008). An assessment on the farmers’ attitude on soil conservation program (Case study: Kharkhe and Dez dam of Iran). Iran-Watershed Management Science and Engineering Journal, 2(3), 3-10.
40
41. Shahroudi, A. A., & Chizari, M. (2008). Factors influencing farmers’ attitude toward participation in water user's association (A case study in Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran). J.Sci.Technol.Agric.Nat.Res.,11, 313-313.
41
42. Singh, S.L., Kharel, B.P., Joshi, M.D., & Mathema, P. (2004). Watershed management (Case study: Nepal). Review and assessment of watershed management strategies and approaches. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, 2004.
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43. Soleimanpour, M. (1389/2010). Survey participation and sustainable development in the comprehensive management of natural resources. Proceedings of the 5th National Conference of Watershed Management Science and Engineering, University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. [In Persian]
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45. Teacher, T. (1997). Farmer participation in reforestation incentive programs in Costa Rica, Agro forest. System, 35(3), 269-289
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46. Webler, T. (2001). Public participation in watershed management planning: Views on process from people in the Field. Human Ecology Journal, 3(6), 77-83.
46
47. Yaghobi, J., Shamsaye, E., & Khosravipoor, B. (2010, May). Evaluation of effective factors on people participation in Zanjanrood, Iran. Paper presented at the 5th National Watershed Management Conference, Gorgan, Iran.
47
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Role of Tourism Symbols in Rural Development (Case Study: Neshat Historical Garden in Taqiabad Village)
Extended abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
Although symbol creation has had a long record in human history, throughout the history, the symbols as a mark bearing visual identity, have been used as a tool for communication. This means humans have used the symbols for thousands of years to describe natural phenomena and express their emotions, feelings and ideas. There are many historical and natural monuments in rural areas that are symbols and brands of those areas. Accordingly, they can have a huge impact on sustainable development of rural areas if they receive due attention. Nowadays in many rural areas, tourism has changed from a passive factor into a dynamic and effective one which may have positive effects on controlling the rural social landscape. The nature and significance of such changes make it necessary to pay special attention to functions of tourism and leisure activities in rural areas, so that in some cases it may prompt one to predict the possible effects.
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Since tourism and the use of natural and historical resources has changed into a need, the various uses of space has provided more opportunities for rural people to benefit from natural and historical monuments in their areas. Today, tourism as a phenomenon of the twentieth century plays a vital role in the global economy, and as a social phenomenon play a significant role in dynamic global economy. At the same time, as the world's largest service industry, tourism contributes to cultural exchange between countries. Persian Garden as one of the valuable historical and natural symbols of Iran which has recently been registered in World Heritage list (UNESCO) would remain in the minds of the people of the world.
3. METHODOLOGY
The research was conducted in a descriptive-analytical method. The data were obtained through documentary research and surveys. The population included about 20,000 people, of which 250 people were selected in a random sampling method as the sample of the study. We also used Kendall W Rank test to find which area has more positive tourism driven effects. The data were processed using SPSS software package. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability of the items.
4. DISCUSSION
The results showed that according to the value of chi-square (15.424), which is a significant at error level of less than 0.01, we may conclude with a confidence level of 0.99 percent that ideas of the participants about the effects of tourism on social, economic and physical aspects are different. According to the results, the physical effects of tourism (2.12) in the study area, have been stronger than social-cultural (1.93) and economic ones (1.94). The largest economic impact of tourism was on the item of “tourism has attracted more funds and state budget” with an average of 4.8. The largest socio-cultural impact of tourism was on the item of “To what extent have advertising and guiding the tourists been adequate in the area?” with an average of 4.42. The largest physical impact of tourism was on the item of “Do you believe your village has essential capabilities for tourism development” with an average of 4.56. The study results show the revival and restoration of the garden as the symbol and brand of regional tourism has positive economic, social and physical effects on development of Taqi Abad village.
5. CONCLUSION
Neshat Garden in Taghiabad Firozeh village, situated 18 km West of Nishabur, similar to other historical gardens in Iran, have a favorable status in tourism of the region and the province. As the study results show the revival and restoration of the monument has had positive economic, social and physical effects on development of Taqiabad village. The statistics of Cultural Heritage Administration of Firozeh County in 2013-2014 show that after restoration of the garden, more than 13,500 people have visited the site. Nevertheless, the number was too small in 2013. This figure well indicates the statues of Neshat Garden among culture lovers, promising its essential role in attracting tourists and eventually in rural development.
https://jrrp.um.ac.ir/article_29273_a8626121147871b31e2a79fe245dc6bb.pdf
2017-06-01
69
80
10.22067/jrrp.v6i1.52120
Rural tourism
Neshat Garden
Persian garden
symbol
Taghiabad village
Hasan
Giyahi
farda_1300@yahoo.com
1
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
AUTHOR
Aliakbar
Shayan Yeganeh
aasy1358@gmail.com
2
Hakim Sabzevari University
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Absollahzadeh, Gh., Sharifzadeh, A., & Arabiyon, A. (1392/ 2014). Explores the implications developing tourism in rural areas: Ziyarat village of Golestan Province. Geography and Environmental Planning Journal, 52, 15-32. [In Persian]
1
2. Administration of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Firoozeh city (1393/2014). Reports and statistics. Firooze: Office of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism in Firooze city. [In Persian]
2
3. Anabestani, A.A., Bozerjmehri, KH., & Sahebkar, N. (1391/2012). Social and economic consequences of tourism development of second homes in rural areas rural case study: Shirindare Ghochan. Journal of Research and rural planning, (1), 12-42. [In Persian]
3
4. Roknoddin-e-Eftekhari, R., & Ghaderi, A. (1382/2003). The role of rural tourism in rural development. Journal of Tarbiat Modarres, 6(2), 10-28. [In Persian]
4
5. Farahmand, Sh. (1390/2011). Tourist face Kalat Naderi. Mashhad: Iran Azad publication. [In Persian]
5
6. Hooman, c. AS. (1376). Research Methodology (5th ed.). Tehran: SAMT Publications. [In Persian]
6
7. Jajarmi, K., & Solaymani, H. (1393/2013). Analysis of tourism potentials and capabilities from the perspective of rural residents Bagh bahadoran. Journal of geographical landscape in human studies, 9(26), 28-17. [In Persian]
7
8. Kuban, D. (1978). Conservation of the historical environment for cultural survival. Conservation as Cultural Survival, 1-8, Istanbul: The Aga Khan Award for Architecture.
8
9. Lee, J. (1378/ 1999). Tourism and development in the Third World, (A. Rokneddin Eftekhari, & A. Salehi, Trans.). Tehran: Commercial printing & sawing company. [In Persian]
9
10. Pirnia, M. K. (1373/1993). Persian gardens. Journal of Abadi, (15), 41-25. [In Persian]
10
11. Saraei, M. H., & Shamshiri, M. (1392/ 2013). Study of Shiraz tourism for sustainable development, using SWOT. Journal of Geography and Environmental Planning, 49, 88-69. [In Persian]
11
12. Sarokhani, B. (1376/1997). Dictionary of Social Sciences. Tehran: Kayhan Publications. [In Persian]
12
13. Sarvar, H., Kashayni Asl, A., Eslami, M., & Salahi Sarikhan Biglo, V. (1393/2014). The effects of city symbols and signs in urban development (case study: Tabriz city). Journal tourism planning and development, 3(11), 18-36. [In Persian]
13
14. Sharpley, R. (2002). Rural tourism and the challenge of tourism diversification: the case of Cyprus. Tourism management, 23(3), 233-244.
14
15. Yosefi, F., Ghobadi, A., & Khoshghadampour, S. (1391/2012). The Role of religious and national symbols in the development of religious tourism in Iran. First National Conference on Geography and tourism in the Third Millennium (pp.40-56), Islamic Azad University, Najaf Abad, Iran. [In Persian]
15
16. Zangiabadi, A., & Solaymani, H. (1391/2012). Analysis of the spatial development of tourism in the city of Isfahan Province Using Topsis. Journal of Geography and Urban Development, 1(1), 51-73. [In Persian]
16
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Measurement of Environmental Resilience of Villages against Earthquake Hazard (Case Study: Mojezat Dehestan in Zanjan County)
Extended abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
Disasters do not affect all members of a society equally. Disaster scholars, and to a less extent the general public, have acknowledged that disasters do not indiscriminately distribute risk. Indeed, disasters are the products of the social, political, and economical environment, as well as the natural events that cause them. In the last three decades, two geophysical hazards, Haiti earthquake in 2010, and the Indonesian earthquake and tsunami in 2004 have caused the highest death toll from natural disasters. Natural disasters such as floods and earthquake in geographical areas, especially in rural areas often have undesired adverse effects. Natural disasters had mostly endangered health of residents, especially children and the elderly by destroying the sources of income and living facilities, and had always been a serious threat to development, especially in developing countries. This subject reminds the necessity of attention to resilience at the local level (village); because, local resilience believes that resiliency almost depends on properties and action in microscale. Local resiliency based on events means that local community is able to stand against extreme natural events without damages like destructive losses and damages or loss of production of power or quality of life.
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The relationship between a society's sustainability of resiliency and risks includes many social, economic, political and complex physical factors. There are three common models for studying resilience: mitigation model, recovery model, and structural-cognitive model.
3. METHOLOGY
In this research, the sampling method has two steps. In the first step, due to vulnerability of villages against the earthquake, among twenty-four villages in the study area, eleven villages with more than 20 households were selected as the sample of study. Because these villages are near to the faults, they are more in danger of earthquakes. Therefore, sampling was performed in eleven selected villages. These villages have a population of 6413 people. Since the exact number of people in a society cannot be calculated due to time and cost restrictions, the sample size was calculated using Cochran's formula, which includes 362 people. To evaluate resiliency in villages, independent samples t test, Pearson correlation coefficient, Friedman ANOVA, and Prometheus techniques as well as Electra 1 have been used.
4. DISCUSSION
The analysis and increase of resilience of natural disasters has become an important and extensive field in a way that currently the issue is shifting from analyzing the movement of the mutual sustainable development and disaster management towards increasing resilience. Accordingly, the analysis and increase of the resilience of human and environmental systems against natural disasters is moving towards achieving the goal of sustainable development which has gained a particular importance. Reviewing literature and previous successful experiences showed that increasing resilience of residents and the resiliency of rural settlements is the best way to reduce the effects of natural disasters. The most important step to increase the resiliency is identification of the amount of rural areas and rural people's resiliency. Therefore, the present study seeks to investigate the status of resiliency in Mojezat district against danger of earthquake so that the economic, social, organizational, and infrastructural resiliency can be studied.
5. CONCLU#SION
The results showed that among the various aspects studied, the social dimension has high resiliency and organizational dimension has low resiliency. Because rural people tend to participate in helping the victims, be members of community groups and cooperate with architects. However, villager's due to lack of appropriate institutional context and unsuccessful performance of institutions related to crisis management have been less satisfied with these organizations. This issue led to the fact that the organizational dimension based on independent samples T test becomes fairly good. It is also confirmed by Friedman test. The existence of positive and significant relationship between different dimensions indicates that strengthening one dimension of resiliency can help increasing resiliency in other dimensions. Prometheus technique showed that Doran and Ramin villages, according to the indexes studied in rural areas, had the highest rank.
According to the obtained results, the following points can be proposed to increase resiliency:
1-Improving institutional and organizational infrastructure and creating a bilateral relationship between the local organizations and rural people in order to increase people's satisfaction and improve institutional resiliency, especially in Riyhan, Segheltuli and Qynerjhe villages.
2- Increasing participation among individuals, people, and their members of the local groups, especially among the educated class and in Barutaghaji village because of the low average of the social dimension in this village.
3- Improving infrastructure in SeghlTuli and BarotAghaji through development of infrastructure facilities, improving the quality of housing and increasing public services, especially the houses of pastoral class.
4. Paying more attention to Chavarzaq and Riyhan Villages and reducing the vulnerability of these villages, especially in the organizational aspect.
https://jrrp.um.ac.ir/article_29303_c77f8f465da834ab14328dd99f7edf6e.pdf
2017-06-01
81
97
10.22067/jrrp.v6i1.53038
Resiliency
Earthquake
Mojezat Dehestan
Prometheus and Electre techniques
Hamid
Barghi
h.barghi@geo.ui.ac.ir
1
University of Isfahan
LEAD_AUTHOR
Sedigheh
Hashemi
sedigheh.hashemi65@gmail.com
2
University of Isfahan
AUTHOR
Nasrin
Jafari
njafari93@yahoo.com
3
University of Isfahan
AUTHOR
1. Ainuddin, S., & Routray, J. K. (2012). Community resilience framework for an earthquake prone area in Baluchistan. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 2, 25-36.
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2. Arouri, M., Nguyen, C., & Youssef, A. B. (2015). Natural disasters, household welfare, and resilience: Evidence from rural Vietnam. World development, 70, 59-77.
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3. Badri, S. A., Ramazanadeh Lsbuyi, M., Asgari, A., Ghadir Masoom, M., & Salmani, M. (1392/2013). The role of local management in improving resilience against natural disasters with emphasis on flooding (Case study: Two basins of Cheshme Kyle). Journal of Emergency Management, 1(2), 37-48. [In Persian]
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4. Barton, D., Morton, J., & Hendy, C. (2001). Drought contingency planning for pastoral livelihoods. Natural Resources Institute.
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5. Berkes, F., Colding, J., & Folke, C. (2003). Navigating social-ecological systems: Building resilience for complexity and change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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6. Bruneau, M., Chang, S. E., Eguchi, R. T., Lee, G. C., O’Rourke, T. D., Reinhorn, A. M., ... & von Winterfeldt, D. (2003). A framework to quantitatively assess and enhance the seismic resilience of communities. Earthquake spectra, 19(4), 733-752.
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7. De Haen, H., & Hemrich, G. (2007). The economics of natural disasters: Implications and challenges for food security. Agricultural Economics, 37(1), 31–45.
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8. Farzad Behtash, M., Kay Nezhad, M., Pirbabaie, M., & Asgari, A. (1392/2013). Assessment and analysis of large dimensions and components of Tabriz. Journal of Fine Arts, Architecture and Urban Planning, 18(2), 33-42. [In Persian]
8
9. Folke, C., Carpenter, S., Walker, B., Scheffer, M., Elmqvist, T., Gunderson, L., & Holling, C. S. (2004). Regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem management. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst., 35, 557-581.
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10. Foster, H. D. (1997). The Ozymandias principles: Thirty-one strategies for surviving change. Canada: UBC Press.
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11. Fothergill, A., & Peek, L. A. (2004). Poverty and disasters in the United States: A review of recent sociological findings. Natural Hazards, 32, 89–110.
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12. Gallopin, G. C. (2006). Linkages between vulnerability, resilience, and adaptive capacity, resilience, vulnerability, and adaptation: A cross-cutting theme of the international human dimensions program on environmental changes). Glob Environ. Chang, 16, 293–303.
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13. Gaillard, J. C. (2007). Resilience of traditional societies in facing natural hazards. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 16(4), 522-544.
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14. Godschalk, D. R. (2003). Urban hazard mitigation: Creating resilient cities. Natural Hazards Review, 4(3), 136-143.
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15. Henestra, D., Kovacs, P., McBean, G., & Sweeting, R. (2004). Background paper on disaster resilient cities. Toronto: Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction.
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16. Holling, C. S. (2001). Understanding the complexity of economic, ecological and social systems. Ecosystems, 4, 390–405.
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17. Hutter, G., Kuhlicke, C., Glade, T., & Felgentreff, C. (2013). Natural hazards and resilience: exploring institutional and organizational dimensions of social resilience. Natural hazards, 67(1), 1-6.
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18. IPCC. (2014). Climate change 2014: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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19. Lebel, L. (2001). Faculty of Social Sciences. Chiang Mai University.
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20. Levin, S. A. (1998). Ecosystems and the biosphere as complex adaptive systems. Ecosystems, 1, 431–436.
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21. Lizarralde, G., Chmutina, K., Bosher, L., & Andrew, D. (2015). Sustainability and resilience in the built environment: The challenges of establishing a turquoise agenda in the UK. Sustainable Cities and Society, 15, 96–104.
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22. Lizarralde, G., Valladares, A., Olivera, A., Bornstein, L., Gould, K., & Duyne Barenstein, J. (2015). A systems approach to resilience in the built environment: The case of Cuba. Disasters, 39(1), 76–95.
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23. Mileti, D. (Ed.). (1999). Disasters by design: A reassessment of natural hazards in the United States. Washington D.C.: Joseph Henry Press.
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24. Mitchell, T., & Harris, K. (2012). Resilience: A risk management approach, background note, ODI.
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25. Normandin, J. M., Therrien, M. C., & Tanguay G. A. (2011). City strength in times of turbulence: Strategic resilience indicators. Paper presented at the 41st Conference of Urban Affairs Association, New Orleans, Louisiana.
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26. Ramezanzadeh, M., badri, S.A., Asgari, A., salmani, M., & Ghadiri, M.M. (1391/2012). Rural resilience sample Tourism regions on Multiple Attribute Decision Making (Case Study: Cheshmeh Kileh Branch, Tonekabon County and Sardabrood Branch, Kelardasht County). Journal of tourism planning and development, 3(1), 78-97. [In Persian]
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27. Rezaei, M.R. (1392/2013). Evaluating the economic and institutional resilience of urban communities to natural disasters using PROMETHE technique (Case study: Tehran districts). The Journal of Emergency Management, (3), 38-27. [In Persian]
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28. Rose, A. (2004). Defining and measuring economic resilience to disasters. Disaster Prevention and Management, 13(4), 307–314.
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29. Sadeghlu, T., & Sojasi Ghidari, H. (1393/2014). Prioritization of factors affecting the increase of farmers' resilience against natural hazards with an emphasis on drought. Journal of Geography and Environmental Hazards, 10, 129-154. [In Persian]
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30. Salehi, A., Aghababaie, M., Sarmadi, H., & Farzad Behtash, M. (1390/2011). An investigation of environmental resilience using causality network model. Journal of Environmental Studies, 37(59), 99-112. [In Persian]
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31. Tobin, G. A. (1999). Sustainability and community resilience: The holy grail of hazards planning (Part B: global environmental change). Environmental Hazards, 1(1), 13–25.
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32. World Bank. (2010). Natural hazards, unnatural disasters, the economics of effective prevention. USA: The World Bank.
32
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Study of Environmental Effects of Reservoir Dams on Surrounding Rural Areas (Case Study: Karun-3 Dam in Izeh County)
Extended abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
Dams as one of the regional and national development infrastructures of each country have different effects on their surrounding regions such as rural areas. These impacts in various aspects and including environmental can be effective in sustainable rural development and its structural-functional framework. These impacts are two kinds. Rural settlements with regard to social and economic structures although in some cases accept positive effects of Dam construction, but their negative effects are not low. Karun-3 Dam in Izeh county as one of the largest reservoir dams in the country from dams is that due to the geographical features, have affected on Surrounding region especially rural areas. due to the current situation in rural areas, Identifying and explaining these effects is essential. The purpose of this research was investigate the environmental effects, Karun-3 Dam on surrounding rural areas.
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The global organization emphasis on preserve life about natural conditions more than twenty river network of world, that negative effects of Dams construction on these rivers on environment is more of their creation benefits such as agricultural water supply and produce electricity. According to the organization, one of negative effects of Dams construction on some rivers is Waste in use of water in agriculture and the destruction of the natural environment, plant and animal species. In addition, large dams could have Geomorphic and hydrologic impacts on the ecosystem of region. In other words, studies show that dams have Great environmental impacts on vegetation, diversity and change in coastal ecosystems, human settlements and so on. This point is important, the emphasis on suitable management of and a stable with having systematic view. Therefore, proper management of the dam and surrounding regions, attention to sustainable development perspective and systematic view is from basic necessities.
3. METHODOLOGY
The research methodology based on the nature is descriptive-analytical and based on the purpose is, functional. Among the villages around the Karun-3 Dam were selected 38 villages, with due to Specific geographical properties. The statistical population was 2531 households and the sample using a Cochran formula calculated 334 households and Finally, to increase the reliability sample, the number was promoted to 350 households. The questioning in level of rural household was done. Finally, data after collecting using SPSS statistical software were integrated. In addition, from 38 rural local managers were interviewed and in the form of Grounded Theory, interviews organized and presented. Also on the section of opinions of experts, 100 experts in Izeh County were investigated.
4. DISCUSSION
Karun-3 Dam had much impacts in environmental instability on rural areas. For example, increasing climate change at the local level has led., Because the lake of Karun-3 Dam has been to increase parameters such as temperature and humidity in the region and in its result, in addition to direct effects, other consequences has entered on agricultural activities and the general economy. With climate change, Crops cultivation and so on be also experiencing problems that with lack of planning, this issue has been intensified and Agriculture in the region has been reduced. Also cultivable rural land tenure both in upstream and downstream has led to decrease in the agricultural sector. While this section should be developed due to the potential created, but because Rural the agricultural sector has been a downward trend. Of hazards, Dam created many earthquakes in the region. That as a result is the destruction and creation of multiple gaps in rural housings. In addition, rural land use has changed. Also vegetation covers and water resources in many cases has changed and the number of wells has decreased. Based on the findings of qualitative, two factor Increase of local temperature and increase of the hazards is known the most important environmental impact of the dam. Evaluation of environmental variables in rural areas upstream from expert opinion shows, the situation is not only not improved after the dam, but has worsened and this issue shows comparison of the mean scale in after dams Construction (49/2). In addition, the findings showed that at the household level, Karun-3 Dam affected in trend of less favorable environmental variables around villages the upstream and downstream. Amount evaluated variables equal significance level is (Sig = 000/0), it is confirmed. Also Independent sample t-test indicates to better environmental variables villages upstream to downstream with a significance level (Sig = 0/000).
5. CONCLUSION
Karun-3 Dam as a big reservoir Dam have been affected in decrease and trend of environmental variables of upstream and downstream villages. But this effectiveness has negative trend, not positive. Environmental variables in upstream rural areas. considering their average was better in before dam. By considering achieved average difference, is less situation upstream and downstream areas in after dam creation and Dam influence have more negative trend. Of course, we can say that this negative trend is the result of mismanagement. In general, the environment is affected by various human phenomena's including development projects. Using the results obtained can be in planning in the field be useful for decreasing the difficulties in rural areas.
https://jrrp.um.ac.ir/article_29331_54d8cb9136341aca571fe652f52d7b60.pdf
2017-06-01
99
117
10.22067/jrrp.v5i4.53097
environmental effects
rural areas
Karun-3 Dam
Izeh county
Hojatollah
Sadeghi
h_sgeo@yahoo.com
1
University of Isfahan
LEAD_AUTHOR
Seyyed Eskandar
Saydaee
s.seidaiy@geo.ui.ac.ir
2
University of Isfahan
AUTHOR
Mohammad Reza
Rezvani
rrezvan@ut.ac.ir
3
University of Tehran
AUTHOR
1. Amini Qvaqlv, E. (1391/2012). Space reflections Khordad dam construction on the surrounding areas. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Kharazmi, Tehran, Iran. [In Persian]
1
2. Bani Said, N., Jafarzadeh, N., & Basim, N. (1382/2003). Environmental Impact Assessment Zalky Dam and Hydroelectric Power Plant. The Sixth National Conference of Environmental Health, University of Medical Sciences and Health Services Sari, Iran. [In Persian]
2
3. Beck, M., Claassen, A., & Hundt, P. (2012). Environmental and livelihood impacts of dams: common lessons across development gradients that challenge sustainability, International Journal of River Basin Management, 1)2).1-20.
3
4. Bombino, V., Tamburino, S. and Zimbone, M. (2006). Assessment of the effects of check-dams on riparian vegetation in the mediterranean environment: A methodological approach and example application. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 27(2).134-144.
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5. Bryan, R., Aristides, P. and Jackson, B. (1975). Some ecological aspects of the Cabora Bassa dam. Journal of Biological Conservation, 8(3).189-201.
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6. Campbell, B. (2013). BreakingGround: Environ-mental and Social Issues of the Three Gorges Dam in China,” TED Case Study. Retrived 15 December 2014 from http://www1.american.edu/ted/ICE/china-dam-impact.html
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7. Company Development of Water Resources and Power of Iran. (1391/2012). Iran Water and Power Resources Development Company plans to introduce manual. Tehran: Company Development of Water Resources and Power of Iran of publication. [In Persian]
7
8. De Vos, J.A., Van, P.J.T., Hoving, E., & Conijn, J.G. (2006). Waterpas-model: A predictive tool for water management, agriculture, and environment. Journal of Agricultural Water Management, 86 (1, 2), 187-195.
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9. http://fa.wikipedia.org/wikiکارون سه/ سد
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10. Kates, R. W., Parris, T.M. and Leiserowitz, A. A. (2005). What is sustainable development? Goals, indicators, values, and practice. Journal of Environment, 47(3).8-21.
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11. Meftahi, M. (1393/2014). The environmental impacts of the project area tourism Mamlou dam using multi-criteria decision-making techniques. The Eighth National Congress of World Environment Day, June 2014, Tehran, Iran. [In Persian]
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12. Meisami, H., Mahajeri, H., Haghi, H., & Mousavi, P. (1385/2006). The role and the environmental impacts dam construction and water-tight. Paper presented in 1st National Conference of Environmental Engineering, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran. Retrived 5 December 2014 from http://www.civilica.com/Paper-CEE01-CEE01_371.html. [In Persian]
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13. Mikaniki, J., & sadeghi, H. (2013). Determining the pattern of rural service centers with land Suitability approach to AHP method. Research and rural planning of journal, 1(2). 49-67. [In Persian]
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14. Organization of surveying (2014). Unit map (File GIS map of Iran), Tehran: Cartography organization. [In Persian]
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15. Parvizi, A. (1393/2014). To determine effects caused in Yasouj Shah Qasem of dam the perspective of villagers. Unpublished master’s thesis, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran. [In Persian]
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16. Philip, m. (2001), Environmental impacts of Brazil's Tucurui Dam: Unlearned lessons for hydroelectric development in Amazonia. Journal of Environmental management, 27(3). 377-396.
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17. Pirestani, M. r., & Shafaghi, M. (1388/2009). Environmental effects of dam construction. Human Geography Research Journal, 1(3). 39-50. [In Persian]
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18. Rahmati, A. r. (1391/2012). Study assessment process the environmental impacts in Iran, Challenges and Solutions. Environment and Development Journal, 3(5) 15-23. [In Persian]
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19. Rahmati, A., & Nazaryan, A. (1389/2010). Socio-economic and environmental effects of settlements subject to the relocation caused by dams (Case Study Gotvand Upper Karun River). Journal of Environmental Studies, 1(2), 53-66. [In Persian]
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20. Rezvani, M.R. (1390/2011). Planning rural development in Iran. Tehran: Ghomes press. [In Persian]
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21. Riahi Samani, M., Turabi Hafshejani, E., & Kabiri Samani, A. (1382/2003). Environmental impacts assessment dam construction and power plant on the Karun River in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. The National Conference of hydro power plants of the country, Tehran, Iran. [In Persian]
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22. Sait Tahmicioglu, M., Anul, N., Ekmekci, F. and Durmus, N. (2007)."Positive and negative impact of dams on the environment". International Congress on River Basin Management, Turkey, Chapter 2, 759-769.
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23. Statistical Center of Iran. (1390/2011). Population and Housing Census 2011. Tehran: Statistical Center of Iran. [In Persian]
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24. Strzepek, M., Gary W., Richard S.J. and Rosegrant, W. (2008). The value of the high Aswan Dam to the Egyptian economy. Journal of Ecological Economics, 66(1), 117-126.
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25. Surya, K., Sharma. K., Tyagi, P., Ashok, U. and Haque, M. (2008). Acta Tropica, Building small dams can decrease malaria: A comparative study from Sundargarh District, Orissa, 107(2), 174-178.
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26. Toro, J., Requena, I. and Zamorana, M. (2009). Environmental impact assessment in Colombia: Critical analysis and proposals for improvement. Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 30(4), 79- 86.
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27. University Jihad of Tehran University. (1380/2001). Plan of studies the social, economic and natural basin upstream Karun3-Dam. Tehran: project organization and management by the Department of Tehran University. [In Persian]
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28
29. William, G. (2006). Downstream hydrologic and geomorphic effects of large dams on American rivers. Journal of Geomorphology, 79 (3), 336-360.
29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Investigating the Role of Entrepreneurship in Sustainable Rural Development with Emphasis on Handicraft (Case Study: Villages of Central District in Anar County)
Extended abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
Rural development has a deep connection with economic growth and social security. In this regard, empowerment and capacity building and achieving sustainable development in rural areas are necessary. It is also required that a good explanation of the grounds for job creation in rural areas is provided to improve the economic situation in rural areas. Entrepreneurs are those that are compatible with the characteristics of today's world. Thus, for economic growth, we need the survival and continuation of activities of these people. One of the effective economic mechanisms in the field of entrepreneurship that can provide sustainable rural development is rehabilitation and development of handicrafts. Handicrafts in Anar has roots in the distant past, and many of its handicraft are now vanished. Only a few types of handicrafts have remained in traditional and experimental form. However, in recent years, new and diverse handicrafts have been developed among the youth by Cultural Heritage Organization and some public and private schools. In this study, an attempt is made to answer this question:
What is the impact of the function and role of entrepreneurial projects (with an emphasis on crafts) on sustainable rural development? In order to answer this question, the theoretical framework was designed according to which the role of entrepreneurial plans and supporting rural handicrafts and its consequences were investigated in terms of economic impact (income, employment, land prices and variety of activities) and social effects (immigration, welfare, security and partnerships) to achieve rural development in villages of central city of Anar.
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The best strategy to meet the challenges, especially the economy in rural areas, is encouraging the villagers to start "family business" through entrepreneurship. Thus, now the effort of people of rural areas to achieve economic sustainability can have increased by using local entrepreneurs because of the focus on the local economic resources through the development of entrepreneurship is one of the modes of economic development in these areas. In this regard, one can refer to Pakistan. Small businesses and industries form 48% of factories and industries in this country. 48% of industrial workers work on rural handicraft industry. One of the common features found in most handicraft is that they are made by using simple tools and very different from the production methods by the ancients. In order to achieve the development of rural industries using local knowledge is essential. It is based on the experiences of indigenous experience, and it is often transmitted verbally in the form of heritage. It is acquired via repeated use over time, tested and is compatible with the environment and local culture.
3. METHODOLOGY
This study seeks to explain and examine the role of entrepreneurial plans, especially occupations related to handicrafts, in the development of rural areas of the central city of Anar based on the economic and social indicators of the impact of these projects on the survival rates of population, social welfare, income and rural employment. This research is a quantitative research, using descriptive-analytical data. For data analysis, one sample T-test and multivariate linear regression in SPSS software has been used. The instrument reliability was assessed by using Cronbach's alpha techniques 6 and it was 0.86, which indicates the reliability of the instrument.
4. DISCUSSION
The results of t-test showed that from the variables, only one has a mean higher than 4, which belongs to the "variable of employment for rural women". In addition to income and entrepreneurship, the employment of rural women indirectly affects the survival of the rural population. After this variable that have the greatest impact among other variables, it accounted for rural development (economic dimension) and (social dimension) in the study area. In the majority of cases, the mean value obtained is a number between 3 and 4. That means in most cases, the means are slightly higher than average, which indicates the formation of the changes caused by the influence of handicrafts in such areas. In four cases of variables, the means were below the national average. The level of significance shows that, in four of the variables "efficient use of uncultivated and barren lands" (0.053), "immigration from outside the village" (0.045), "legislation, support for producers in the field of handicrafts "(0.031) and" qualitative and quantitative development of infrastructure communications"(0.017) the significance level was higher than the alpha level 0.05. Therefore, it can be said that economic aspect of the development of rural handicrafts had the highest influence on rural areas discussed in this study.
5. CONCLUSION
Handicraft is considered as an art by many. The fields of handicraft in the villages of the city, carpet weaving is more common. But those who are active in this area receive little income they use traditional methods and produce rugs that have less monetary value. To fix this problem, strong management and permanent planning can be used to design a framework and roadmap for activists in this field. In rural areas of the studied city, the establishment of craft has caused diversification and the creation of employment and income in the economy, reduction of rural migration, improvement of infrastructure and increase in social participation. However, it has not been successful in reducing the cost of land, efficient use of wastelands and barren, immigration from outside the village, attracting private sector investment, job and legal security of villagers. According to figures obtained from the multiple regression test; handicrafts in rural development area is 0.70 effective, which shows its significant role in the development of villages in Anar. In this regard, on the basis of the dimensions mentioned above, the economy (3.33) compared to the social dimension (21.3) is more effective in rural development.
https://jrrp.um.ac.ir/article_29370_bb1ba0222a41d8b1fa9f6f3371ac3af2.pdf
2017-06-01
119
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10.22067/jrrp.v6i1.53838
Entrepreneurship
Handicrafts
Rural Development
Multiple regression
Anar County
Sirous
Ghanbari
ghanbari@gep.usb.ac.ir
1
University of Sistan and Bluchestan
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad Hossein
Dehghan
mhdehghan2000@yahoo.com
2
University of Sistan and Baluchestan
AUTHOR
Hossein
Miraki Anari
hosein_miraki@yahoo.com
3
Sistan and Baluchestan
AUTHOR
1. Afrakhteh, H., Eskandarsani, M., & Ismailnejad, M. (1388/2009). The role of carpet weaving in rural development, case study: Village carpet weaving workshop Balavlayt Kashmar. Journal of Rural Development, 12(1), 1-28. [In Persian]
1
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3. Azkia, M., & Ghaffari, GH. (1388/2009). Rural development, with emphasis on rural community in Iran. Tehran: Nei Perss. [In Persian]
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4. Cranwell, M. R., Kolodinsky, J. M., Donnelly, C. W., Downing, D. L., & Padilla‐Zakour, O. I. (2005). A model food entrepreneur assistance and education program: The Northeast Center for Food Entrepreneurship. Journal of Food Science Education, 4(4), 56-65.
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5. Davis, J. (2004). Guide to Rural Economic and Enterprise Development. Working Paper 2004, http://www. Gtz. de.
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6. De Anguita, P. M., Alonso, E., & Martin, M. Á. (2008). Environmental economic, political and ethical integration in a common decision-making framework. Journal of environmental management, 88(1), 154-164.
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7. Roknoddin-e-Eftekhari, A. R., & Sojasi Ghidari, H. (1389/2010). Rural development with emphasis on entrepreneurship (definitions, perspectives, experiences). Tehran: SAMT Press. [In Persian]
7
8. Eynali, J., Taherkhani, M. (2004). To evaluate the performance of complex welfare services in welfare and rural development, rural Sjas, Karasf and Garmab (Khodabande City). Journal of Human Sciences, 9(4), 26-55. [In Persian]
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9. Feli, S., Sediqi, H., Pezeshkirad, GR., &, Mirzaee, A. (1389/2010). Challenges to achieving sustainable development of rural communities. Journal of rural and Development, 13(128), 1-15. [In Persian]
9
10. Gorman, W., Grassberger, R., Shifflett, K., Carter, M., Abuamoud Nasser, I., Al-Rawajfeh, A. (2009). The Jordan Bedouin Handicraft Weaving Company: A Feasibility Assessment of Job Creation for Jordanian Women. The Department of Agricultural Economics and Agricultural Business New Mexico State University, Publications in the Jordanian Project Series, P.27.
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13. Khalifi, SH. (1387/2008). The relevant international entrepreneurial skills of managers and organizational effectiveness in small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) in Sanandaj city. Unpublished master’s thesis, Islamic Azad University of Sanandaj, Sanandaj, Iran. [In Persian]
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14. McKercher, B. (2008). Tourism as a catalyst for crafts: pros and cons. In Tourism and handicrafts: a report on the international conference on tourism and handicrafts, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran, 13-15 May, 2006 (pp. 17-24). World Tourism Organization (WTO).
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24
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Good Governance Based Rural Management and its Role in Sustainable Rural Development (Case Study: A Comparison between Central District of Kuhdasht and Lavasanat District of Shemiranat)
Extended abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
Good governance, as an approach in rural man-agement, is the engagement of government, pri-vate sector and civil society, based on active and effective participation, transparency, ac-countability, rule of law, justice, Consensus-oriented Responsiveness, efficiency, and effec-tiveness as well as human development. This paper aims to provide an analysis of the present condition of ‘good governance based rural management’ and its role in the sustainable rural development in two regions (central district of Kuhdasht, and Lavasanat Shemiranat). The pa-per also studies the relationship between good governance indicators and sustainable rural de-velopment.
Rural good governance as an approach is one of the newest and most famous approaches in sus-tainable management of rural sustainable devel-opment. This approach is considerably power-ful in explaining the realities. It is also useful in policy making in the case of sustainable rural development. It is because the rural good gov-ernance pays a special attention to institutional-izing, enabling, and empowering local people's participatory development. The main debate in this part of the article is the relationship be-tween the good governance and sustainable ru-ral development and their effects on each other. Good governance is defined as transparent and responsible management with a special focus on fair and sustainable development in social and economic aspects. Then, rural good governance is a process, in which, all actors of rural man-agement are engaging.
2. METHODOLOGY
In this paper we used a descriptive–analytical approach. Survey and questionnaires were used for gathering data. The sample includes 280 households in 27 villages in the above men-tioned regions. In order to achieve the purpose, we used different numerical models, such as VIKOR, multivariate regression, and correla-tion.
3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The process aimed development of place and prosperity of the local people. In other words, rural good governance is implementing policies and decisions, two eleven by local people, in order to their living condition, so rural sus-tainable development is the process of maiming rural areas in away.
While the literature on sustainable development covers many of the issues raised in the early literature on economic growth models, it seems fair to say that whatever the merits of the origi-nal formulation in the Brundtland Report of 1987, one decade later there has been great ad-vances in both the theoretical aspects of desira-ble development and the ways in which that development might be indicated. Hence, there has been an ongoing debate regarding the mean-ing of constant capital, the relative merits of weak and strong sustainable development as a framework for analyzing these issues, the in-creasing attention given to the concept of criti-cal natural assets, and more recently the role of social capital formation and maintenance in the development process.
Thus, good governance expresses approval for a type of government, usually a democratic one, and its related political values. Equating govern-ance with government focuses on technical problems of administrative and legal capacity and the improvement of public sector manage-ment, the legal framework for sustainable de-velopment, accountability through better audit-ing, decentralization, the policing of corruption, civil service reform, and improved information on policy issues for both decision-makers and the public. Finally, good governance has been defined as a framework of private non-governmental bodies that have a role to play in the formulation and implementation of public policy and the delivery of public services.
4. DISCUSSION
The results show that rural areas with higher good governance level are more sustainable. Rural areas in Lavasanat district owe good gov-ernance and sustainable position to institutional arrangement. Hence, the weakness of this insti-tutional arrangement is an indicator for the good governance level in Kuhdasht central district.
Based on the VIKOR model, which provides us with a QI result ranging from 0 to 1, rural areas with QI=0 are the most sustainable areas with a high level of governance and rural areas with QI=1 are the worst areas based on the sustaina-bility and good governance. The result of this study showed that all rural areas in Lavasanat have a QI between 0-0.5. We can claim that these rural areas have a reasonable sustainabil-ity and a good level of governance. On the oth-er side, in Kuhdasht, we can classify rural areas in two different classes; seven rural areas with a QI between 0.5-0.8 and thirteen rural areas with a QI between 0.8-1. The first group has a medi-um level of sustainability and governance while the second group is neither sustainable nor has good governance.
The other model used in this article was the re-gression analysis. The result of this model showed that the model is acceptable and can forecast both governance level and sustainabil-ity.
5. CONCLUSION
The result shows that good governance in dif-ferent rural areas can be recognized into two different levels. At the same time, there is a close tie between good governance and sustain-able rural development as well as their indica-tors. Hence, as it has been shown in the article, rural areas with higher governance position have a better situation in the sustainable rural development.
https://jrrp.um.ac.ir/article_29404_fb28df527bc58d67885b2bb34ac70d88.pdf
2017-06-01
133
152
10.22067/jrrp.v5i4.55391
Rural Management
rural good governance
rural sustainable development
Central District of Kuhdasht
Lavasanat District
Abdolreza
Rahmani Fazli
ar_rahmanifazli@sbu.ac.ir
1
Shahid Beheshti University
AUTHOR
Rahmatollah
Monshizadeh
2
Shahid Beheshti University
AUTHOR
Bizhan
Rahmani
3
Shahid Beheshti University
AUTHOR
Jahanbakhsh
Alipourian
j.rika62@gmail.com
4
Shahid Beheshti University
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Abdollahian, H., Shariati, SH., &Shoshtarizade, A. (1385/2006). Measure the performance of rural management in Iran according to affecting factors on management process in the villages of Iran. Human Science Modarres (Especially the Management Letter), 10(46), 227-267. [In Persian]
1
2. Ane, Matos, K. (1386/2007). Governance (key concepts). (E. Golshan & A. Adusy, Trans.). Teh-ran: Institute for Research and Planning Management Publications. [In Persian]
2
3. Berkes, F. (1986). Local-level management and the commons problem: A comparative study of Turkish coastal fisheries. Marine policy, 10(3), 215-229.
3
4. Bovaird, T., & Elke, L. (1391/2012). Public management and governance. (A. Rahimiyan, Trans.). Tehran: Sepehr publication. [In Persian]
4
5. Habibpour, k., & Safari, R. A. (1388/2009). comprehensive guide to spss application in survey research (quantitative analysis). Tehran: Institute of Navigation strategy press. [In Persian]
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6. Haghigi, M.A. (1378/1999). Management theories, principles, fundamentals, process. Tehran: Naghsh Mehr publication. [In Persian]
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7. Krlynjr, E. J. (1982). Multivariate regression in behavioral research. (H. Saraie, Trans.). Tehran: designing books Human Sciences publication. [In Persian]
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8. Misra, R.P. (1989). Reasarch, Methodologhy. Lsted, New Delhi: Ashok Kumar Mittal.
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9. Murdoch, J., & Abram, S. (1998). Defining the limits of community governance. Journal of Rural Studies, 14(1), 41-50.
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10. Otto Sano, H. (2002). Good Governance and Human Right. Zimbabwe129.
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11. Popper, K. R. (1370/1991). Logic of scientific discovery. (S. H. Kamali, Trans.). Tehran: cultural and scientific publications. [In Persian]
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12. Rezaeian, A. (1379/2000). Principles of organization and management (1th ed.). Tehran: SAMT publication. [In Persian]
12
13. Rezvani, M. R. (1383/2004). Introduction to rural development planning in Iran. Tehran: Ghomes. [In Persian]
13
14. Roknoddin Eftekhari, A., Azimi Amooli, J., Portaheri, M., & Ahmadipoor, Z. (1391/2011). Approach relationship between good governance and rural sustainable development in rural areas of Mazandaran province. Rural Studies, 2(4), 1-34. [In Persian]
14
15. Roknoddin Eftekhari, A., Sojasi ghidari, H., & Einali, J. (1386/2007). A New Approach to Rural Management with an emphasis on effective institutions. Journal of Rural Development, 10(2), 1-31. [In Persian]
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16. Saidi, A. (1387/2008). Encyclopedia of urban and rural management. Tehran: organizations, municipalities and Dhyariha country. [In Persian]
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18. Shafi'i, H. (1379/2000). management and sustainable development at the local level. urban management, (4), 34-43. [In Persian]
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19. Shumacher, E, F. (1389/2010). Small Is Beautiful: A Study of Economics As If People Mattered. (5th ed., A. Ramin, Trans.). Tehran: Soroush Publications. [In Persian]
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22
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28. Wei, J., & Lin, X. (2008, October). The multiple attribute decision-making VIKOR method and its application. In Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, 2008. WiCO-M'08. 4th International Conference on (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
28
29. Woods, M. (2005). Rural Geography: Processes. Responses and Experiences in Rural Restruc-turing. Sage Publications, London.
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30
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Rural Housing Satisfaction Ranking Using the Vikor Technique (Case study: Varamin County)
Extended abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
In the last few decades, in development context and literature, order to, life satisfaction among the key indexes is studied to evaluate the welfare of the society and the developing level of it. detachable from people’s life. Housing is one of the effective factors in life quality. Quality of life is a complex and multi-dimensional concept. Some interpret it as public welfare, social welbings, happiness, satisfaction and so on. The concept of satisfaction from house has attracted many attentions. Among the inter field satisfaction and evaluation people’s satisfaction from housing makes the custodians of this fact to prepare the development of housing projects. in order to evaluate house, a suitable factor is satisfaction concept and this points must be paid attention to the fact that in people’s satisfaction discussion knowing that why some families in comparison with other families are not satisfied with their house. This is an important issue.
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
It is thought that satisfaction difference of the house (real house and expected house) is depended upon house condition and neighborhood location. According to the previous studies and literatures, for house satisfaction, there are 3 theories: 1) House Needs Theory, 2) Lack of House Theory, 3) Mental Structure Theory.
House Needs theory means having or lack of satisfaction from house in life cycle. “Lack of House “theory means satisfaction or lack of it from house itself and “Mental Structure “theory means providing a condition between needs and requirements for each aspect of house. In most experimental studies in house satisfaction, all 3 theories are used. In a group of these researches, individual’s social aspect and also understanding house condition is studied.
3. METHODOLOGY
In general approach the present study from gathering data point of view is based on library-documentary information and field survey. One of the main sources of reaching rural house factors is the documents of a country which the most important of them is basic rules, 4th and 5th development plan, and Islamic Republic Housing Foundation and house making ministry. Based on this, 23 factors like Figure number 2 are identified and the relevant info of the factors is gathered. Statistic society is 78 villages in Tehran’s desert territory. To determine the sample size about 50% of the villages equal to 40 villages were chosen randomly. Then by the use of Cochran formula, probable accuracy 5% and variance 0.25 equal to 400 households was reached. Finally based on “probability proportional to size the random sample in each of the sample villages was calculated and in them the questionnaires were completed
4. DISCUSSION
The process of VIKOR model is as following:
A) Imagine we have m alternatives and n criterions.
B) Determining the best and the worst quantity for the entire standard (Functions):
C) Determining weight and the importance of qualifications:
D) Calculating alternatives’ distance from the ideal solution and finally adding them up for final value as
E) Calculating VIKOR quantity Qi
So when v is bigger than 0/5, Qi indexed will lead to agreed majority and when it is smaller than 0/5, Qi index shows the negative majority vision. In general, when v equals to 0/5, it shows the agreementary vision of the evaluating experts.
The results showed that in rural areas of Varamin’s country about housing satisfaction are in different level. 31 villages have very little satisfaction, 8 villages have low satisfaction and just 1 village has very much satisfaction. The results of the present study in accordance with low level of housing satisfaction equals to Rafieian, Asgari and Asgarizadeh, Shayan, Taghilou and Khosrobeigi, Jamshidi and Jamini findings.
5. CONCLUSION
Toghan’s village with rank 1 and very much satisfaction level is at the top and Hosein abad kashani village with very little satisfaction rate has the lowest rank. Villages from level of satisfaction point of view were similar and they don’t have very much with in common each other. But placing 30 villages out of 40 case study villages with very low satisfaction level show that satisfaction level in the area’s case study households is very lower than average. Although different satisfaction level can have effect from different issues in case study villages but in general what must be paid attention to is that if this issue is not studied and ignored when time passes leads to social – economical unbalancing in households and leads to immigration of most villages to cities to access facilities and welfare and this matter because of Varamin’s country location near Tehran metropolitan city as the capital and leads to conflicts in villages as origin and cities as destination.
https://jrrp.um.ac.ir/article_29444_15e335963ad6cc1f7f00ca986aab1391.pdf
2017-06-01
153
172
10.22067/jrrp.v6i1.55736
Satisfaction
Rural Housing
VIKOR technique
Varamin County
Naser
Shafiei Sabet
nshsabet@yahoo.com
1
Shahied Beheshti University
LEAD_AUTHOR
Negin Sadat
Mirvahedi
negin.mirvahedi1@gmail.com
2
Shahied Beheshti University
AUTHOR
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58
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Production of Medicinal Herbs, an Approach to Sustain the Rural Economy (Case Study: Villages in Ghochan County)
Extended abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
The concept of rural development in the lapse of time, and the concept of development in its broadest sense, have been subject to change. The attitudes towards rural areas and rural economy have also changed due to transformations in those areas and dominance of sustainable development models in recent decades. To the extent that in this model, sustainable livelihoods and economic security in rural areas have gained primary importance, because on the one hand, capacity utilization rate and actual and potential capabilities in economic activities should be raised through higher efficiency and effectiveness. On the other hand, to ensure the continuity of livelihoods, employment, and income, etc., economic activities in rural areas should be diversified.
Despite fundamental challenges facing rural economy, diversity in medicinal herbal species, climate variability, manpower and accessible energy resources are among Iran’s important potentials to increase medicinal plants cultivation and develop their relevant industries. Thus, research into production of medicinal plants has become an approach towards economic stabilization of the region in the framework of rural sustainable development model.
The World Bank predicts that the business of medicinal plants will reach $ 5 trillion by 2050, and Iran's share of the business is small. Today, 80 percent of local communities use medicinal herbs, and the World Health Organization pursues a program with the slogan of "Health for all by relying on the use of medicinal herbs". The trend towards the use of medicinal herbs in the West, compared to synthetic drugs is on the rise. Iran, with its brilliant history of medicine and its geographical and climatic potentials (11 types of climates out of 13 global ones), 300 days of sunshine per year, high plant diversity (8,500 species) provide good conditions for planting herbs and their processing. In Iran, the need to address the issue of rural development has been considered by government, and it plays a pivotal role in development policies. The present study was conducted to answer the following questions:
- What are the economic advantages of medicinal herb production compared to other crops in the study area?
- Compared to common crops grown in the study area, how effective is the production of medicinal herbs in sustaining the rural economy?
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Today, diversification of activities in rural areas is the basic solution for rural development in many communities. Unequal investment opportunities in the industrial and agricultural sector, low investment in agricultural sector and lack of diversity are among the issues represented in lack of diversity in jobs, the low level of production and productivity in agriculture, low wages, instability of economic activities resulting in poverty and backwardness and instability in rural areas in economic, social and environmental aspects. To avoid rural instability in different dimensions and in the context of sustainable rural development, the diversification of economic activities is a priority. One of the approaches discussed in the context of sustainable rural development approach is "diversification of economic activities". Making a good use of the geographic infrastructure in rural areas, the heavy dependence relationship between natural resources and their impact on environmental sustainability, and the great need for manpower in agriculture in general make ground for various activities in rural areas that help to stabilize the prices of agricultural products.
Medicinal plants are plants that one or some parts of them contain biologically active substances, and have biological impacts on the body of organisms; such plants are planted, cultivated and harvested only for their medicinal properties.
Medical herbs introduced to the researcher based on a preliminary survey of administrators, producers, professors and researchers of medicinal plants included: Echium pininana, Thymus, Cumin, Yarrow, Ferula gummosa and peppermint.
3. METHODOLOGY
The research was an applied–developmental one conducted in a descriptive-analytical method. The data were collected through documentary research and fieldworks. To determine the sample size, we used Krejcie Morgan sample size table. 336 heads of households out of a total of 2658 households were selected as samples and questionnaires were filled out by households in rural areas of the Ghochan County. Besides, at this stage the experts relevant to the project (including producers, experts and public managers of medicinal plants, and researchers) also completed the questionnaires.
For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used. From descriptive statistics, frequency tables, and percentages were used. From inferential statistics, we used Kolomograph-Smirnov test to determine normal variables; single sample tests were also used to answer research hypothesis.
- Dependent variable of the study is ‘to sustain the rural economy through producing medicinal herbs’.
- Independent variables of the study are: ‘income generation, job creation, saving water, the desire to plant medicinal plants’.
4. DISCUSSION
According to the survey results, 80 percent of farmers believe that shopping centers dedicated to herbal products may increase their motivation ‘to a high and very high extent’. These statistics indicate that one of the concerns of the villagers, in addition to production, is marketing.
According to the results, the average income per hectare of medicinal herbs in the study area, is 205795090 Rials, and the average income per hectare of other crops is 79442360 Rials. Accordingly, medicinal herbs compared to other common crops produce 159 percent more income per hectare. Therefore, the first hypothesis which assumes "medicinal herbs compared to other crops cultivated in the study area are more profitable" is confirmed. As the results show each hectare of medical herbs, compared to other crops, created 206 percent more employment opportunities. Hence, the second hypothesis, which assumes that medical herbs create more jobs opportunities than other crops, is confirmed.
According to our surveys on average water consumption, medicinal herbs compared to other crops need 25 percent more irrigation. Considering the fact that medicinal herbs generate significantly more income (159%) and more job opportunities (206%) than other crops grown in the area, and their affordable water consumption, the third hypothesis is also confirmed. However, state support for villagers has also been effective in increasing their desire to grow medicinal herbs.
5. CONCLUSION
As the results of the questionnaire survey in two groups of experts and villagers show, we can conclude that despite the fact that crops such as wheat and barley compared to medicinal herbs need less number of irrigation, water use efficiency in medicinal herbs over five years, is higher than conventional crops in the area. For example, for wheat 4 times irrigation in the growing season is necessary, while for thyme 12 times is essential. However, looking ahead we can assume that each year for wheat, the cost of sowing and land preparation is essential and every year the same amount of water is also needed. But after planting the thyme, for example, in each year the number of irrigation decreases.
Therefore, the cost of production declines and eventually, there would be a higher economic efficiency of water use. In general, as the participants’ views suggest, what is important in the trade-off of water use and water saving between growing medicinal herbs and conventional crops, is the optimal use of water in production of medicinal herbs.
https://jrrp.um.ac.ir/article_29497_0cddcc8250b8fae9568c4cc76fc9db4c.pdf
2017-06-01
173
187
10.22067/jrrp.v6i1.56119
Rural economy
to sustain the rural economy
medicinal herb production
Ghochan County
Hamid
Jafari
jafari_hamid1351@yahoo.com
1
Islamic Azad University
AUTHOR
Mohammad Ali
Ahmadian
ahmadian@ferdowsi.um.ac.ir
2
Islamic Azad University, Mashhad
AUTHOR
Abbas
Tarhani
tarhani_abas@yahoo.com
3
Islamic Azad University, Mashhad
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Aileen, S. (2006). Migration: Pre-requisite for rural economic regeneration? Journal of Rural Studies, 22(3), 354-366.
1
2. AlaviZadeh, A. M. (1389/2010). The role of diversificating the economic activities on the sustainable rural development (case study: Semirom County). Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, Mashhad Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran. [In Persian]
2
3. Anabestani, A., & Seyfi, H. (1390/2011). The place of second cultivation on the economics and rural regions (Case study: SarAmol plain rural district). Environmental planning and geography, 22(44), 113-126. [In Persian]
3
4. Byrd, E. (2009). Comparisons of stakeholder perceptions of tourism impacts in rural eastern. North Carolina.journal of tourism management, (30), 639-703.
4
5. Christou, L. (2005). Agricultural Organizations Debt Adjustment: The Role of the State, the Agricultural Organizations and of the Agricultural Bank of Greece. Sineteristiki Poria, 17(2), 232-251.
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6. Dallhamer, E. (2007). Types of interaction between Environment rural economy, Society and Agriculture in European regions (TERESA). www.sciencedirect.com.
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7. Department of Natural Resources Quchan County. (1390). According to the region's natural landscape. Quchan: Department of Natural Resources County Ghochan. [In Persian]
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8. Ebrahimi, A. (1380/2001). The necessity of applying the systematic attitude into the sustainable development management of medicinal plants. Paper presented at the Proceedings of National Conference on the medicinal plants (Pp. 196-201), Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Azad Islamic university (Amoli Branch), Tehran, Iran. [In Persian]
8
9. Eftekhari, A.R. (1384/2005). Theories and theories of rural planning. Tehran: Tarbiat Modarres University. [In Persian]
9
10. Esfehan state’s Agriculture Jahad organization. (1393/2014). Introduction of medicinal plants. Esfehan: Esfehan state’s Agriculture Jahad organization. [In Persian]
10
11. Feli, S. (1389/2010). The challenges of Iranian rural communities in reaching to the sustainable development. Village and development quarterly, (4), 97-128. [In Persian]
11
12. Ghasemi, M. (1389/2010). Making the rural residentials of Mashhad sustainable focused on the approach of diversificating the economic activities. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran. [In Persian]
12
13. Government of Quchan County. (1393/2014). Special Letter of executive agencies performance statistics. Ghochan: Government Ghochan. [In Persian]
13
14. Heydari Mokarrar, H. (1389/2010). The role of diversificating the economic activities, agricultural productions as a desirable procedure for sustainable development of rural, semi-arid regions, case study of Zehak County. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Mashhad Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran. [In Persian]
14
15. Javan, J., & Alavizadeh, A.M. (1390/2011). The role of diversificating the economic activities on the sustainable rural development (case study: Semirom County). The quarterly of Iranian Association of Geography, 9 (29), 17-43. [In Persian]
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16. Javan, J., Shayan, H., Noghani, M., & Ghasemi, M. (1390/2011). Making sustainable the population inside rural residentials of Mashhad County. Journal of Geography & Regional development, 9(16), 125-144. [In Persian]
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17. Khalatbary, R. (1385/2006). Statistics and research methodology. Tehran: Pardazeshgharan publication. [In Persian]
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18. Lebaschi, M. H. (1387/2008). The medicinal plants dry farming. Tehran: Pooneh publication. [In Persian]
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19. Lee, S. (2007). Diversification of the Rural Economy: A Case Study on Rural Industrialization in the Republic of Korea. Pyongyang: INSES Press.
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20. Mahady, G. B. (2001). Global harmonization of herbal health claims. The Journal of nutrition, 131(3), 1120S-1123S.
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21. Mahboobi, M. R., & SavarSofla, M. (1392/2013). The medicinal plants (Recognition, Planting, Cultivation, Harvest and economic feasibility). Gorgan: Faraghi. [In Persian]
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22. Management of agriculture of Quchan County. (1393/2014). Facts & Planning section. Quchan: Agricultural Jihad. [In Persian]
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23. Mirhoseini, S.A, & Sabeghi, H. (1384/2005). Studying the economy trading and exporting Iranian medicinal plants. Tehran: Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. [In Persian]
23
24. Motiei Langroodi, H. (1390/2011). Iran’s economic geography. Mashhad: Jihad-e Daneshgahi of the Mashhad University. [In Persian]
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25. Najafi, F. (1393/2014). Studying the challenges facing on medicinal plants production. The first national festival of medicinal plants. (Pp. 25-15). Tehran, Iran. [In Persian]
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26. Office of flowers and ornamental plants, medicinal plants and edible mushrooms. (2006). Comprehensive approach to medicinal plants. Tehran: Horticulture department of Agriculture Jahad Ministry. [In Persian]
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27. Omidbaigi, R. (1393/2014). Approaches to production and processing of medicinal plants. (Vol. 1, 8th Ed.). Tehran: tafakor rooz. [In Persian]
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28. Peter Goldsmith, D., Gunjal, K., & Ndarishikanye, B. (2004). Rural–urban migration and agricultural productivity: the case of Senegal. Agricultural economics, 31(1), 33-45.
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29. Pourghorban Kheybari, A. (1386/2007). Studying the export capacities of medicinal plants in Iran. Unpublished Master thesis, Mashhad Ferdowsi university, Mashhad, Iran. [In Persian]
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30. Pushparaj, P. N. (2004). Herbal medicines for diabetes and cancer- A global perspective. Asia-Pacific Biotech News, 8(23), 1307-1312.
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31. Razavi Khorasan Administration of water affairs. (1393/2014). statistic and budget department of water affairs. Mashhad: Razavi Khorasan Administration of water affairs.
31
32. Razavi Khorasan Meteorological Administration. (1393/2014). Statistical report of State Meteorological Administration. Mashhad: Razavi Khorasan Meteorological Administration
32
33. Salari, A. (2013). Investigating the effect of climate elements on the Thyme distribution in Torbat-e Heydarieh city. Unpublished Master thesis, Torbat-e Heydarieh Azad Islamic university, Torbat-e Heydarieh, Iran. [In Persian]
33
34. Salehi Yeganeh, F. (1380/2001). The medicinal plants of North Khorasan. Mashhad: Khorasan’s environmental protection administration. [In Persian]
34
35. Shahbazi, Gh.A. (1386/2007). Recognition, cultivation and production and processing of the medicinal plants. Mashhad: Razavi Khorasan state Natural resources administration. [In Persian]
35
36. Tabrizi, L., & Kouchaki, A.R. (1393/2014). The medicinal plants, Ecology, Sustainable production and utilization. Tehran: Tehran University. [In Persian]
36
37. Statistical Center of Iran. (1390/2011). General Census of Population and Housing Statistics 2011. Tehran: Iranian Statistics Center Press. [In Persian]
37
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Locating Optimal Countryside Settlement Sites for Nomads in Northern Khorasan
Extended abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
The nomadic way of life and living is different and apart from urban and rural way of life. Accommodation and settlement of nomads is one of the most important issues on Iranian society. Northern Khorasan is one of the regions with a high capacity to accommodate the nomadic communities. The purpose of this paper is to identify and evaluate the capacity of North Khorasan province to accommodate nomad communities and also to investigate the nomad communities’ bottlenecks and problems. This paper also aims for the introduction of the factors affecting the optimal site of nomads settlement and introduction of prioritized zones for optimal accommodation of nomads (nomadic sites), using multi-criteria decision-making methods (AHP) in GIS environment.
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The emergence of nomadism has been under the focus of scientists for a long time, and as Masoudi, Ibn Khaldoon et al. have noted this phenomenon. They believe that many factors account for it. Some think that increase in the population is the main reason for nomadism. Some other think that after farming, human beings are doomed to be nomads to use marginal regions. Thus, nomadism and ranching are two implications of farming with water products. Tardof, the renowned Iran expert, names the following common features for Iranian nomadism:
1-producing corn 2-range 3-division of labor 4-relations of production 5. exploitation based on the joint use of pastures
Some other figures such as Spooner have considered water and soil fertility as two major important factors in the continuation of nomadism. Bryan Spooner believes that nomadism can be a result of mass production of grain. Accordingly, he assumes that nomadism and ranching are the implication of irrigated agriculture.
Land use planning is science of land division for different uses and purposes of life. The positioning of land use either before planning, in traditional format or in predetermined plans follow certain principles and criteria. Traditional patterns of land distribution in rural and urban areas also represents a significant regularity in the user's location.
Because of its experience in with livestock, nomadic community can have enormous efficiency with a little attention. One of the goals of comprehensive development of tribal and nomad areas is the development of industrial livestock or developed traditional ranching. Therefore, optimum locating of nomadic sites is an important step in development plans of nomadic society.
3. METHODOLOGY
This is an applied, descriptive-analytical research that collects data via library and field study. To fulfill this end, 227 questionnaires were distributed among the nomads of the province, and their activities as well as their tendency to settle or not settle was measured. The results of the analyses show that an overall of 60.79% of the nomads want to settle permanently; 29.51 desire to move, and 9.69 like both. To optimally locate the nomads’ settlement, important criteria in their settlement and their priorities were determined. For this purpose, after preparing Binary Matrices, 10 officials from cities and managers of nomadic affairs were interviewed. After developing pairwise matrices, preferable coefficient of effective criteria and sub-criteria related to each indicator was determined. After the calculation of weights in software Expert choice and comparison of the weights in the method of AHP, final weights were put into GIS software to overlap the layers, and output maps derived from the hierarchical method were compared to the maps of the proposed websites introduced in the Organization of Nomadic Affairs in North Khorasan. The results were presented in the form of output maps and comparison tables.
4. DISCUSSION
To provide the necessary layers (criteria) and to optimally locate the nomads settlement in Northern Khorasan, first the efficient criteria are identified and defined in four categories. Binary matrices are provided for each factor. In this stage, the criteria efficient in locating are obtained based on the descriptive and graphic information by GIS software. Finally, the optimal location of settlement of nomads or nomad towns are determined according to the receptivity of layers from locating. Four categories are identified:
1- Inappropriate, 2- relatively inappropriate, 3- appropriate, 4- completely appropriate.
After determining the coefficients, the importance of criteria and indices for showing the overlapping of criteria, there was a need for data gathering, their digitization, formation of spatial databases and generating appropriate layers of Nomads optimal site location for settlement or nomad towns. For this purpose the produced information layers, the importance coefficients of the criteria and the overlap of layers are determined. Then the maps of location priority based on the criteria for Nomads optimal site location for settlement and prioritized areas are presented.
5. CONCLUSION
The results show that the criteria of distance from faults, distance from watercourse, less distance from man roads and the type of land use for settlement have respectively the highest priority and importance in locating the nomads site of settlement in northern Khorasan. Finally, basic suggestions will be proposed.
https://jrrp.um.ac.ir/article_29520_e6f7a6ff98d01d880a6ff5094f9958b8.pdf
2017-06-01
189
204
10.22067/jrrp.v6i1.56457
Countryside settlement sites
Locating
hierarchical approach (AHP)
North Khorasan
Aliasghar
Pilehvar
apilehvar@yahoo.co.uk
1
University of Bojnord
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Afzali, K., & Fakor, P. (1377/1998). Factors affecting the positioning of biological complexes (urban, rural and nomadic). Journal of rural housing and environment, 80, 43-57. [In Persian]
1
2. Ahmadi, H. (1384/2005). Ethnicity and ethnicity in Iran, legend and reality (5th Ed.). Tehran: Ney publications. [In Persian]
2
3. Amanolahi. S. (1367/1998). Research on the tribes and nomadic tribes in Iran. Tehran: Agah press. [In Persian]
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4
5. Annamoradnejad, R., & Lotfi, S. (2010). Demographic changes of nomadic communities in Iran (1956–2008). Asian Population Studies, 6(3), 335-345.
5
6. Bayat, H. (1380/2002). Investigating the livelihood and nomadic settlements of Lorestan. (Unpublished master’s thesis), Tehran University, tehran, iran. [In Persian]
6
7. Dadashpor, H., Khodabakhsh, H. R., & Rafiyan, M. (1391/2012). Spatial analysis and location of temporary accommodation centers through a combination of network analysis process (ANP) and paired comparisons by GIS. Journal of Geography & Environment Treated, 1(1), 111-131. [In Persian]
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8
9. Feizizadeh, B., Roodposhti, M. S., Jankowski, P., & Blaschke, T. (2014). A GIS-based extended fuzzy multi-criteria evaluation for landslide susceptibility mapping. Computers & geosciences, 73, 208-221.
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10. Fraidoni, F. (1370/1991). Examine the relationship between livestock and pasture in determining the life of nomads and their rule in GNP. (Unpublished master’s thesis), Tehran University, Tehran, Iran. [In Persian]
10
11. Ghasemi, N., & Gandomkar, A. (1392/2013). Survey of physical elements in the recreational flying site locating in Esfahan Province based on GIS. Journal of Regional Planing, 10(3), 97-106. [In Persian]
11
12. Habbibi, S. (1385/2006). Comparative research on the economic-social development of nomadic community after and before settlement. Case study: Tolarood village. Unpublished master’s thesis, Tehran university, Tehran, Iran. [In Persian]
12
13. Howarth, J. T., & Sinton, D. (2011). Sequencing spatial concepts in problem-based GIS instruction. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 21, 253-259.
13
14. Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation. (1386/2007). Rural land use studies. Tehran: Sharif Publication. [In Persian]
14
15. Jamshidi, A., Sydayi, A., Jamshidi, M., & Gemini, D. (1392/2013). Analysis of influencing the employment of the tribal women on the economy of their households (Case Study: Chradavl County). Journal of Regional Planning, 3 (12), 75-86. [In Persian]
15
16. Kiacojory, d., & mohammadi, S. (1392/2012). Evaluation of the potential of the tourism entrepreneurshipof the nomads of North Khorasan. Paper presented in National Conference University of Employers (knowledge based industry) (Pp. 1-10). Mazandaran University. Babolsar, Iran. [In Persian]
16
17. North Khorasan. (1394/2015). Last administrative divisions of North Khorasan. Bojnoord: North Khorasan. [In Persian]
17
18. Pilehvar, A. A. (1390/2011). Population and urbanization in North Khorasan. (1th Ed.). Mashhad: Sokhangostar press. [In Persian]
18
19. Pilehvar, A. A. (1390/2011). Research projects providing strategic plan nomads of North Khorasan Horizon 1404. Bojnord: Office of Tribal Affairs of North Khorasan. [In Persian]
19
20. Pilehvar, A. A. (1392/2013). Strategic planning in the nomadism (Approach to the nomads of North Khorasan). (1th Ed.). Mashhad: Sokhangostar press. [In Persian]
20
21. Razavian, M. T. (1381/2002). Practical planning of rural lands. (1th Ed.). Tehran: Monshi press.
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22. Saraie, M. & Ghanei Bafghi, R. A. (1390/2011). Evaluation and Site Selection of Public Parking's in Yazd City Central Tissue. Journal of geographical land escape, 6(15), 70-88. [In Persian]
22
23. Shakori, A., Tabibi, T., Bagherzadeh, M.S., Vahed por, GH. (1392/2013). Measurement of social and economic factors affecting the Nomads settlement in Fars province. Regional planning quarterly, 3(9), 1-25. [In Persian]
23
24. Shateri, M. Sadeghi, H. (1391/2012). Analysis of socio-economic effects of spontaneous nomads settlements (Case Study: Dehdez of the izeh County). Journal of Spatial planning, 2(2), 90-110.
24
25. Zak, J., & Weglinski, S. (2014). The selection of the logestics center location based on MCDM/A methodology. Transportation Research Procedia 3, 555-564.
25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Q Methodology-Based Analysis of Experts’ Attitudes towards Obstacles and Challenges of Irrigation Management Transfer to Farmers
Purpose: Using Q-methodology approach, this study attempts to examine the attitudes of experts towards the barriers and challenges of irrigation management transfer.
Methods: In terms of purpose and research methodology, this study is applied and mixed-method (quantitative-qualitative), respectively. To identify the challenges of irrigation management transfer, Q methodology was used. In the first phase, a questionnaire containing two questions about the barriers and challenges to irrigation management transfer were administered to experts and managers of two organizations involved in agricultural water management. After collecting their views and reviewing internal and external resources, 41 items were derived. In the second phase, 30 participants including 20 managers and experts from Guilan Jihad-Agriculture Organization and Guilan Regional Water Authority, as well as 10 faculty members from Departments of Water, Development and Rural Planning in universities of Guilan and Kharazmy were studied. The participants were selected using purposive sampling method.
Findings: Based on the results, a group of experts with the majority of faculty members believed that organizational and cultural barriers were the most important obstacles to the realization of participatory irrigation management. The second group including executive experts with the majority of Guilan Jihad-Agriculture Organization members mentioned that technical and administrative obstacles had more prominent role than cultural and institutional barriers. Finally, from the perspective of the third group that was relatively smaller than the other two groups, the major challenge in non-realization of participatory irrigation management was rooted in cultural-educational issues.
Limitations: Because this study was conducted in the first half of the year characterized with the peak agricultural activity, access to key managers and experts of Guilan Regional Water Authority was very difficult and time consuming.
Practical implications: Codification of clear and practical guidelines enjoying impressive views of the three groups of stakeholders (Ministry of Energy, Ministry of Jihad-Agriculture and academia) in the field of enforcement mechanisms, consulting, regulatory, determination of duties according to the executive, advisory and monitoring position, and avoiding frequent changes in executive agencies responsible for participatory irrigation management can be helpful in this regard.
Authenticity: To date, several important studies have been conducted in this area, each one being an appropriate guide by itself. Distinguished feature of this study is that it looked at this issue from another perspective and tried to study the problem in a distinct way (Q-methodology) from the point of view of different groups involved to compare the differences of views and to drive distinguished components of the three groups’ standpoints (based on the career status of the respondents).
https://jrrp.um.ac.ir/article_29566_f44f7dab86ff913983533e3d8205fa40.pdf
2017-06-01
205
222
10.22067/jrrp.v6i1.59270
Irrigation management transfer
participatory irrigation management
Q Methodology
Hasan
Afrakhteh
afrakhtehh@yahoo.com
1
Kharazmi University
AUTHOR
Asghar
Tahmasebi
desertcontrol@yahoo.com
2
Kharazmi University
AUTHOR
Farhad
Azizpour
kelarsaghy@gmail.com
3
Kharazmi University
AUTHOR
Dariush
Fatollah Taleghani
4
Agricultural, Research, Education and Extension Organization
AUTHOR
Fatemeh
Askary Bozayeh
askari.fbz@gmail.com
5
Kharazmi university
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Ahmad Ali, J., Abbasi, N., Heidari, N., Khani, J., Hamedi Asl, M. … Narimani, Y. (2010). Investigating the reluctance reasons of farmers in establishing WUAs (Case study: Miyandooab plain). The final report of the research project. The Ministry of Agriculture. [In Persian]
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3
4. Ashena, H. (2015). Water crisis or the crisis of governance. Shargh Newspaper, pp. 40-45. [In Persian]
4
5. Bezi, K., Khosravi, S., Javadi, M., & Hosseinnezhad, M. (2010). Water crisis in the Middle East: Challenges and solutions. Paper presented at the Fourth International Congress of Islamic World Geographers, Zahedan, Iran. [In Persian]
5
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6
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11
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12
13. Ghanaat, M., Mamanpoush, A., & Aghababaie, M. (2013). Investigating observed necessities to start preparatory activities related to participatory irrigation management in Abshar network of Zayanderoud river. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 1(7), 1-9. [In Persian]
13
14. Ghenyan, M., Baradaran, M., Mirzaie, E., Soleimani Harooni, K., & Pasha, S. (2013). Participatory management of agriculture water resources, and the factors affecting it. Journals of Water Research in Agriculture, 27(2), 181-190. [In Persian]
14
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16
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20. Huppert, W., Svendsen, M., & Vermillion, D. L. (2001). Governing maintenance provision in irrigation. Eschborn: Deutsche Gesellshaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit.
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21. Lemoine, N. R. (). Exploring water governance in northern Saskatchewan: Opportunities for a watershed council (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Saskatchewan,
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