ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Providing a Model for Assessing the Quality of the Natural Environment in Rural Areas Using Knowledge-Based Systems
Extended Abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
Human life is highly dependent on the environment and the services that are provided by the environment. Environmental quality is a set of properties and characteristics of the environment, either generalized or local, as they may also impinge on human beings and other organisms. It is a measure of the condition of an environment relative to the requirements of one or more species and or to any human need or purpose. Environmental quality is a general term which can refer to varied characteristics that relate to the natural environment as well as the built environment, such as air and water purity or pollution, noise and the potential effects which such characteristics may have on physical and mental health caused by human activities.
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Areas with better environmental conditions are more suitable contexts for life and human activities. Environmental quality is dependent on understanding the interaction between man and nature as well as the concept that forms the cornerstone of sustainable development. In general, environmental quality depends on the relationship between humans and the environment as well as the dominance of man over nature. The divergence of the human and environment results in the worsening of environmental conditions, resource depletion, and pollution of all kinds as well as social and spiritual problems.
2.1. Eco centrism vs. Anthropocentrism
The relationship between two motives underlying environmental attitudes was examined. These two environmental attitudes are eco centrism, which means valuing nature for its own sake, and anthropocentrism, which refers to valuing nature because of material or physical benefits it can provide for humans. From a philosophical viewpoint, anthropocentrism is based on this fact that human beings are the central or most significant entities in the world. Anthropocentrism regards humans as separate from and superior to nature and holds that human life has intrinsic value while other entities including animals, plants, mineral resources, and so on are resources that may justifiably be exploited for the benefit of humankind.
2.2. Economic Growth and Environmental Quality
The environmental Kuznets curve is a hypothesized relationship between various indicators of environmental degradation and income per capita. In the early stages of economic growth, degradation and pollution increase, but beyond some level of income per capita, which will vary for different indicators, the trend reverses meaning that at high-income levels economic growth leads to environmental improvement. This implies that the environmental impact indicator is an inverted U-shaped function of income per capita.
2.3. Ecosystem Services and Environmental Quality
Humankind benefits in a multitude of ways from ecosystems. Collectively, these benefits are known as ecosystem services. Ecosystem services are regularly involved in the provisioning of clean drinking water and the decomposition of wastes. Ecosystem services can be grouped into four broad categories including provisioning services (e.g., the production of food and water), regulating services (e.g., the control of climate and disease), supporting services (e.g., nutrient cycles and crop pollination), and cultural services (e.g., spiritual and recreational benefits).
3. METHODOLOGY
The data for the present study were collected from rural areas of Ghochan in Khorasan Razavi and Faruj in North Khorasan province, Iran.
In order to address environmental quality in the study area, the evaluation criteria considered are as follows: 5 main components (soil and water resources, climate, physiography, environmental risk) and 15 criteria (climate, temperature, comfort, elevation, slop, landform, earthquake, flood, erosion, fault, soil, protected zones, water, vegetation cover). To assess the environmental quality, knowledge based systems, which are based on fuzzy inference system, were used. Fuzzy inference is the process of formulating the mapping from a given input to an output using fuzzy logic. The mapping then provides a basis from which decisions can be made, or patterns be discerned. The process of fuzzy inference involves all of the pieces that were described in the previous sections including membership functions, fuzzy logic operators, and if-then rules. There are two types of fuzzy inference systems that can be used, namely, Mamdani-type and Sugeno-type. These two types of inference systems vary somewhat in the way outputs are determined. In the present study, the Mamdani type was used.
3.1. Procedure
The data base was created for geographic information. Having used ArcGIS10.2, base maps were produced, modeled, and then, the data were analysis. The basic unit of study is based on square regular network which is same as raster data, but it is vector. A unique code was assigned to each spatial unit. Afterwards, the data were transferred to the base unit. The table of shape files were changed to text format, and then imported into excel and prepared for linking to Matlab. With function 'xlsread' in Matlab, were imported data into Matlab. The functional operations in fuzzy expert system pass through the following steps: fuzzification, fuzzy Inference (apply knowledge base), aggregation of all outputs, and defuzzification.
The data for the study were collected from the counties Ghochan and Faruj in Razavi and Northern Khorasan. This area is suitable for agriculture. Good rainfall and fertile plains provide a good environmental quality for living.
4. DISCUSSIONS
The results of survey have two output: 1) The knowledge base which to help the assessment of environmental quality. 2) Environmental quality map of Ghochan-Faruj. Components that are made of four input criteria such as water and soil resources, climate, and environmental risk create 81 rules ( ), and components that are made of three input criteria create 27 rules ( ). The advantage of decomposing of model is reduction of complexity of model. Before decomposing, with 15 criteria have to create 1438907 rule. The rule base help to predict status of environmental quality. Based on the knowledge base to assess the environmental quality in the study area have dealt. As a result of the evaluation, determined the suitability of location quality based on each of the components that encoded in the range of 0 to 1. Finally, with the help of gamma phase 4 layer overlayed with Γ = 0.6. Given the alpha cut equal to 0.7, about 65.53 % area, characterized of very good quality and less than 9% in terms of environmental quality are poor.
https://jrrp.um.ac.ir/article_27101_4567d5a1d2a704a5ca5770aaf36bf072.pdf
2016-04-01
1
18
10.22067/jrrp.v5i1.37406
Assessment
Environmental Quality
fuzzy inference system
GIS, knowledge-based
Rural Planning
Hasan Ali
Faraji Sabokbar
hfaraji@ut.ac.ir
1
University of Tehran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Anderson, T. L. (2014). Environmental quality the concise encyclopedia of economic. Retrieved 2014, July. 19, from http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/EnvironmentalQuality.html.
1
2. Banzhaf, E., de la Barrera, F., Kindler, A., Reyes-Paecke, S., Schlink, U., & Welz, J. (2014). A conceptual framework for integrated analysis of environmental quality and quality of life. Ecological Indicators, 45(0), 664-668.
2
3. Bimonte, S. (2009). Growth and environmental quality: Testing the double convergence hypothesis. Ecological Economics, 68(8–9), 2406-2411.
3
4. Chamani, M. R., Pourshahabi, S., & Sheikholeslam, F. (2013). Fuzzy genetic algorithm approach for optimization of surge tanks. Scientia Iranica, 20(2), 278-285.
4
5. Chervinski, A. (2014). Ecological evaluation of economic evaluation of environmental quality. Procedia Economics and Finance, 8(0), 150-156.
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6. Diao, X. D., Zeng, S. X., Tam, C. M., & Tam, V. W. Y. (2009). EKC analysis for studying economic growth and environmental quality: a case study in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 17(5), 541-548.
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7. Goralnik, L., & Nelson, M.P. (2012). Anthropocentrism. In R. Chadwick (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics (Second Edition) (pp. 145-155). San Diego: Academic Press.
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8. Hopwood, B., Mellor, M., & O'Brien, G. (2005). Sustainable development: mapping different approaches. Sustainable Development, 13(1), 38-52.
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9. Institute, W. R. (2005). Ecosystems and human well-being: synthesis / Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Island Press.
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10. Jha, S.K., Hayashi, K., & Yadava, R.D.S. (2014). Neural, fuzzy and neuro-fuzzy approach for concentration estimation of volatile organic compounds by surface acoustic wave sensor array. Measurement, 55(0), 186-195.
10
11. Kiran, T.R., & Rajput, S.P.S. (2011). An effectiveness model for an indirect evaporative cooling (IEC) system: Comparison of artificial neural networks (ANN), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and fuzzy inference system (FIS) approach. Applied Soft Computing, 11(4), 3525-3533.
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12. Kortenkamp, K.V., & Moore, C.F. (2001). Ecocentrism and anthropocentrism: moral reasoning about ecological commons dilemmas. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21(3), 261-272.
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13. Liao, J., & Huang, Y. (2014). Global trend in aquatic ecosystem research from 1992 to 2011. Scientometrics, 98(2), 1203-1219.
13
14. Nguyen, H. T., & Walker, E. A. (2005). A first course in fuzzy logic. Third Edition: Chapman Hall, CRC Press.
14
15. Orubu, C.O., & Omotor, D.G. (2011). Environmental quality and economic growth: Searching for environmental Kuznets curves for air and water pollutants in Africa. Energy Policy, 39(7), 4178-4188.
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16. Oughton, D. (2013). Chapter 5 - Ethical aspects of ecological risks from radiation. In O. Deborah & H. Sven Ove (Eds.), Radioactivity in the Environment,19(1), 71-85.
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17. Panayotou, T. (2000). Economic growth and the environment (No. 56). Center for International Development at Harvard University
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18. Pyle, A. (2002). The father of modern science?. The Lancet, 359(9311), 1075.
18
19. Qi, P., Deng, Z., & Wang, H. (2011). Energy utilization, environmental quality and sustainable economic development: Evidence from Shandong Province in China. Energy Procedia, 5(0), 314-321.
19
20. Ratnayake, R.M.C. (2014). Application of a fuzzy inference system for functional failure risk rank estimation: RBM of rotating equipment and instrumentation. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 29(0), 216-224.
20
21. Shafik, N. (1994). Economic development and environmental quality: An econometric analysis. Oxford Economic Papers, 46(Supplement 1), 757-773.
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22. Shafik, N., & Bandyopadhyay, S. (1992). Economic growth and environmental quality: time-series and cross-country evidence (Vol. 904). World Bank Publications.
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23. Sollart, K. (2005). Framework on indicators for education for sustainable development: some conceptual thoughts. Netherlands: Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency.
23
24. Tan, F., Lean, H. H., & Khan, H. (2014). Growth and environmental quality in Singapore: Is there any trade-off?. Ecological Indicators, 47, 149-155.
24
25. Yang, M., Khan, F.I., & Sadiq, R. (2011). Prioritization of environmental issues in offshore oil and gas operations: A hybrid approach using fuzzy inference system and fuzzy analytic hierarchy process. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 89(1), 22-34.
25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Rating the Aspects of Tourist Development in the Villages of Mamasani County
Extended Abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
A complementary activity that could replace agriculture is now needed more than ever, given the increase of rural immigration, the decrease of income in rural households and the decline in the agricultural sector. Moreover, due to the inequality and widespread poverty among rural people in the developing societies, the development of rural tourism could be an important source of employment and income for the individuals of the villages. The most important part of tourist activity is to assess tourism because this step could lead to the future development of tourism and tourist programs. Mamasani County in Fars Province is one of the most important regions in Iran that has the potential for tourist development, given the fact that Shahi road (Shush to Istakhr and Anzan) passes through this geographical region, also because of its historical, cultural and natural heritage, and many works of ‘relief’, ‘historical hills’ and ‘fire temples’ along its main axis.
This study aims to identify the attractions of rural tourism in each of the villages of Mamasani County. Moreover, the advantages of developing the tourist industry for investment are prioritized in terms of six criteria (monuments, landscapes, cultural attractions, religious attractions, access, and suitable facilities) using TOPSIS decision-making technique.
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
In recent decades, with the rapid growth of technology and the changes of lifestyle in the developing world, falling behind inequality in the distribution of the resources and the widespread poverty are getting more and more apparent in the rural regions compared to the other residential regions. Due to these problems and inequalities, researchers proposed many strategies to achieve development in the rural environments. One of these strategies is to expand the activities of rural tourism in the regions that have the necessary historical and natural potential to develop this industry. Rural tourism became doubly important because it helps the growth of the economy and also increases the income of rural people. Tourism can be an effective strategy for the reformation and revitalization of the rural regions or simply a reason for improving the infrastructural or even superstructural services in these regions. Tourism as a multifaceted phenomenon became one of the most important forces and factors in shaping the economic and socio-cultural structures of the modern world. Consequently, in an intermingling way, it transgressed the boundaries of time and space and brought about profound transformations in all human habitats such as cities, villages, and remote regions.
3. METHODOLOGY
In this research, a descriptive-analytical method was used because of its relevance to the topic. The required data, related to the tourist capacities, were collected through field research and library method. Additionally, six criteria were used that were acquired by the experts and proposed as a questionnaire enquiring what kind of attractions do these villages have? Aspects such as monuments, landscapes, cultural attractions, religious places, access, and appropriate facilities that were filled out by the Islamic council, village administrator, and educated people were examined. The degree of importance of these criteria differ from one another, therefore, Shannon Entropy was used to determine the weights of these criteria separately. Afterwards, the variables were weighted by the experts, and the questionnaires’ data were examined by the TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making model, and then the nine-fold villages of Mamasani County were rated. Finally, the weight of each tourist criterion was determined depending on the type and the number.
4. DISCUSSION
Fahlian village with the coefficient of 0/683 is rather closer to the ideal while the other villages such as Jowzar, Bekesh 1, Bekesh 2, Javid-e Mahuri, Mahur, Doshman Ziari, Mashayekh, and Mishan are far from the desired ideal as they have different coefficients. Moreover, in alternative rating based on the amount of , the calculated amount in the studied region fluctuates between .In this regard, represents the highest rate (Fahlian Village) and represents the lowest rate (Mishan Village). In addition, other findings indicate that due to the relative and geographical location as well as the historical and political situation of each region, there is imbalance and a lack of harmony between the villages. Especially, in the spatial distribution of tourist attractions and facilities which pave the way for developing this industry. Thus, the cultural attractions with the coefficient of 0/0666 are the same in all the villages and the landscape attractions in Jowzar, Javid-e Mahuri with the coefficient of 0/0768 have the best conditions because of their favorable weather and green space.
5. CONCLUSION
Based on the findings, Fahlian village, which has been the center of Mamasani County from the time of its establishment up to 1962, was rated as the highest with the coefficient of 0/971 because of petroglyphs, palaces, and many other ancient attractions. In the central vicinity of Mamasani County, after Fahlian, Bekesh 1 and 2 have the best locations for investment in the field of historical tourist development. Additionally, religious attractions had the most versatile conditions and coefficient of variation in the studied villages. Unfortunately, due to the fundamental weaknesses of the tourist centers in providing and expanding the facilities to attract tourists, the factor of appropriate facilities was rated as the lowest, and only Fahlian and Bekesh 1 with the coefficient of 0/0239 had a relative advantage because of having the centrality of the region. Reviewing the accessing factor indicated weaknesses regarding infrastructure in the districts of Doshman, Javid, and Jowzar because of being in the highland and at the foot of the mountain. Only Fahlian, Bekesh 1 and 2 because of coefficients of 0/0819 and 0/0702 and having a level ground had the suitable conditions. The final results of TOPSIS model showed that the central villages had better conditions for the development of the tourist industry. Therefore, Fahlian was rated as the first and Jowzar, Bekesh 2, Bekesh 1, Javid Mahuri, Mahur Milati, Doshman Ziari, Mashayekh and Mishan were respectively rated as the next favorable localities for the development of tourist activities in the region.
https://jrrp.um.ac.ir/article_27130_c6e2dc19c312ab393d850539db1518a9.pdf
2016-04-01
19
32
10.22067/jrrp.v5i1.39050
Rating
tourist development
TOPSIS technique
Shannon Entropy Coefficient
Mamasani County
Ali
Shamsoddini
ali.shamsoddini@yahoo.com
1
Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad Reza
Amiri Fahlyiani
amiri_reza@yahoo.com
2
Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahwaz, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Ardestani, M. (1387/2008). Village tourism bases (1st ed.). Tehran: Publication Org [In Persian]
1
2. Azkia, M., & Imani, A. (1387/2008). Village consistent development (1st ed.). Tehran: Etela’at Press. [In Persian]
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3. Badri., S. A., & Yari Hesar, A. (1388/2009). Tourism sample regions selection using AHP method (Case study: Kohkilouye-Boyerahmad province). Geographical Research Quarterly, 23(95), 55-84. [In Persian]
3
4. Cohen, R., & Kennedy, P. (2000). Global sociology, hound smills, basing stoke. UK: Macmillan Press.
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5. Dehqanpour, A.R., Rezaei, H., & Mahmoudi, Sh. (1392/2013). Tourism sample centers and units to rationally source allocation (Case study: Abar Kouh city). Tourism and Future Prospect Journal, 2(4), 53-66. [In Persian]
5
6. Delbari, S.A., & Dawoodi, A.R. (1391/2012). Hierarchical analysis process application (AHP) in tourism attractions measurements indicators ranking. Journal of Research in Operation and Application, 9(33), 57-79. [In Persian]
6
7. Eqtedari, A. (1359/1980). Provinces of Khuzestan, Kohkilouye and Mamasani (1st ed., Vol. 3). Tehran: Iranian National Works Community Press. [In Persian]
7
8. Faraji Sabokbar, H.A., Motiei Langroudi, H., Yadollahi Farsi, J., & Karimzadeh Dalir, H. (1391/2012). Tourism development grounds rating in rural regions using gray TOPSIS (Case study: Rural regions of Varzaqan County). Rural Research Journal, 1(3), 1-26. [In Persian]
8
9. Habibi Fahliani., H. (1384/2005). Mamasani town’s prehistoric and historical periodsworks and celebrities (1st ed.). Shiraz: Fars-Shenasi Foundation Press. [In Persian]
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10. Holland, J., Burian, M., & Dixey, L. (2003). Tourism in poor rural areas: Diversifying the product and expanding the benefits in rural Uganda and the Czech Republic, ppt working paper, No. 12.
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11. Iranian statistics center. (2011). Data Iranian villages amasani County in 2011. Tehran: Iranian Statistics Center. [In Persian]
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12. Jalali, M., & Khademalhoseini, A. (1394/2015). The classification of tourism sample regions (Case study: Fars province). Journal of Regional Planning, 5(17), 151-162. [In Persian]
12
13. Lanza, M., Verbeke, E., (2003). Analyzing heritage resources for urban tourism in European cities, in: Contemporary Issues in Tourism Development, Routledg. Contemporary issues in tourism development. 1999 pp. 81-107, press cabi.
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14. Latifi, S., Nadery Mahdiyi, K., & Zoleykhayi Sayar, L. (1392/2013). Analysis of barriers of tourism development in the rural tourism of Hamedan. Journal of Regional Planning, 3(9), 77-87. [In Persian]
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15. Mafi, A.A., & Saqaei, M. (1383/2004). A combinational model on village tourism atmospheric development. Geographia and Regional Development Journal, 1(3), 152-168. [In Persian]
15
16. Morovati Sharifabadi, A., & Asadian Ardakani, F. (1393/2014). A healty tourism development model presentation using phase TOPSIS combinational approach and analytical structural modeling in Yazd province. Health Management Journal, 17(55), 73-88. [In Persian]
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17. Nelson, C., & Botterill, D. (2002). Evaluating the contribution of beach quality awards to the local tourism industry in Wales – The Green coast award. Cardiff: University of Wales Institute.
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18. Noouri, Q.R., Fotouhi, S., & Taqizadeh, Z. (1391/2012). Tourism hubs prioritization in Kermanshah province based on tourism model regions using TOPSIS multi criteria decision making method. Geography and Environment Stability Journal, 2(4), 75-94. [In Persian]
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19. Qanbari, Y. (1387/2008). Village tourism: a new approach in village management. Peik-e-Noor Journal, 7(3), 142-151. [In Persian]
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20. Rahimi, D., & Ranjbar Dastnaei, M. (1391/2012). Measurement and ecotourism attractions prioritization of tourism target villages in Chaharmahal – Bakhtiari province. Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 4(14), 131-150. [In Persian]
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21. Rahmani, Kh., Pour Taheri, M., & Roknedin Eftekhari, A.R. (1392/2013). Strategic planning on religious tourism development in rural regions (Case study of villages having religious places). Teacher Planning and Spatial Logistics Journal, 17(1), 43-66. [In Persian]
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22. Rokhnoddin Eftekhari, A.R., Pourtaheri, M., & Mahdavian, F. (1389/2010). Tourism capacity prioritization in rural regions of Nayer County. Journal of Geography and Development, 6(24), 23-38. [In Persian]
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23. Saeidi, A. (1389/2010). Rural geography (5st ed.). Tehran: Samt Publications. [In Persian]
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24. Sajadian, M., Barqi, Z., & Qahremani, M. (1392/2013). Ranking and analysis of rural tourism based rural ecotourism river city of Amol combined with the use of GIS and AHP. geography and Urban Planning of Zagros landscape journal, 5(16), 65-82. [In Persian]
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25. Sajadian, N., & Sajadian, M. (1390/2011). Feasibility study on recreational- sport mounatining on village tourism in Mazandaran province using by GIS. Housing and Rural Enviornment Journal, 30(133), 85-100. [In Persian]
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26. Salmani, M., Badri, S.A., Qasabi, M.A., & AshourNejad, Q. (1392/2013). Rural habitation rating on desert tourism development using ELECTERE III method (Case study: Khor, Biabanak). Journal of Geography and Stability Environment, 3(6), 1-22. [In Persian]
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27. Shahidi, M.S., Ardestani, Z.A., & Goudarzi, M.M. (1388/2009). An investigation on tourism impacts over rural regions planning. Geographical Research Journal, 41(67), 99-113. [In Persian]
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28. Shamaei, A., & Mousavand, J. (1390/2011). Satistifacation The County of Isfahan in terms of tourism infrastructure Isfahan’s towns rating regarding infrastructure using by TOPSIS and AHP. Urban and Regional Research Journal, 3(10), 23-40. [In Persian]
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29. Shamsoddini, A. (1389/2010). Rural tourist constructive methods for the development of villages (Case study: Fahlyan villages). Journal of Housing and Rural Environment, 29(131), 95-107. [In Persian]
29
30. Sharply, R.J. (1380/2001). Village tourism (1st ed., R. Monshizadeh, & F. Nasiri, Trans.). Tehran: Monshi Press. [In Persian]
30
31. Taqavi, M., & Qolipour Soleimani, A. (1388/2009). Analysis of Efective factors in Iranian development tourism indust. Economic Research Quarterly, 1(3), 157-172. [In Persian]
31
32. Timur, S., & Getz, D. (2008). Sustainable tourism development: How do destination stakeholders perceive sustainable urban tourism? Journal of Sustainable Development, 17(4), 220–232.
32
33. Way, G.Ch. (1382/2003). Tourism on a comprehensive perspective (1st ed., A. Parsaeian, & S.M. A’rabi, Trans.) Tehran: Cultural Research Office Press. [In Persian]
33
34. Zahedi, Sh.A. (1385/2006). Tourism and consistent ecotoursim bases highlighting the enviornment (1st ed.). Tehran: Allame Tabatbaei University Press. [In Persian]
34
35. Zarqam, H., & Hani Mohamad Amini, S. (1390/2011). Feasibility on tourism cluster of Bandar Anzali town. Tourism Studies Management Journal, 4(14), 94-123. [In Persian]
35
36. Zia Tavana, M.H., & Shamsoddini, A. (1389/2010). Applying the urban function rural development approach in Nurabad and its villages. Journal of Human Geography, 2(3), 45-61. [In Persian]
36
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Investigating Economic and Social Factors Influencing Farmers' Interest in Accepting Organic Garlic Cultivation in Hamadan Province
Extended Abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
More than one decade has passed since the significant and extensive emergence of organic agricultural concepts on international level. Rapid and serious loss of vital agricultural resources due to erosion, salinization of land, desertification, extinction of species and environmental pollution is among the world's major concerns. The main cause of such a concern may include indiscriminate use of pesticides, chemical fertilizers and agricultural implements, and the expansion of mechanized cultivation. According to the philosophy of sustainable agriculture, farming systems should be established based on justice and protection of natural resources. Such systems reduce environmental pollution, maintain agricultural productivity, and improve short-term and long-term economic ability and their quality of life. Due to continuous cultivation of garlic and lack of attention to the protection of productive resources over the past decades, we have witnessed a number of problems regarding environmental degradation. The use of pesticides and fertilizers in Hamadan province has been manifold compared to other Iranian provinces. This has been partly due the lack of awareness of factors governing farmers' interest in accepting organic garlic cultivation and sustainable agriculture, and lack of understanding of the mentioned factors in organic agriculture on the part of agricultural experts. Thus, this research, first and foremost, aims at the identification of factors which may affect the willingness of farmers to adopt organic cultivation of garlic in the province, followed by the correct procedures of natural resource management.
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Several schools of thought exist on how to interpret the concept of sustainable and organic agriculture. Although there are major differences between these schools, they all agree that the present condition of agriculture is not sustainable. There are major differences between current and sustainable systems of agriculture. So far, there have been various definitions for organic agriculture. Some think of it as one of the most important agricultural systems for the production of healthy food free of any chemicals. Simply put, organic farming is a kind of agriculture in which consumers may easily use their products and make sure they will have no health problems derived from hormones and pesticides in products. Generally speaking, organic agriculture is not only the exploitation of resources based on purely economic criteria, but it also encompasses emphasis on sustainable production which does not harm basic resources, guarantees the rights of future generations and considers other aspects such as balanced distribution of food, food security, lack of environmental degradation and the use of collective measures. It should be mentioned that Iranian agriculture sector has been affected by inappropriate overuse of external inputs and unsustainable use of agricultural productive resources. The analysis of the present condition of Iranian agricultural sector clearly shows that agricultural systems used in Iran and other Third World countries are based on western patterns of agriculture, which all put emphasis on the use of external inputs.
3. METHODOLOGY
This is an applied, descriptive and non-experimental research. This field research was a cross-sectional survey conducted between 2012 and 2013 crop year. Regarding it paradigm, the research falls into the realm of quantitative research. The research population includes all the producers of garlic in three regions including Hamadan, Touiserkan and Bahar, all located in Hamadan province. Simple random sampling method was used, and the size of the samples included 163 famers. To collect the data, a questionnaire was used. The content reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated by the assistance of a number of professors of Agriculture College of Mohaghegh Ardabili University. A preliminary test was conducted to obtain reliability, and Cronbach's alpha for different sections of the questionnaire were calculated between 0.72 and 0.83.
4. DISCUSSION
The results of economic factors rating showed that three variables including contracts request, the availability of manure in production and demand for organic garlic were respectively the most significant factors affecting farmers' interest in initiating organic garlic cultivation in Hamadan province. Based on the results of ranking social factors, the availability of insurance in the production of organic garlic was the most important factor affecting farmers' interest in initiating organic garlic cultivation. Generally speaking, the results showed that several variables such as demand for organic garlic, the availability of seed for organic garlic production, production costs and organic garlic market had a significant relationship with farmers' tendency to accept organic garlic cultivation in Hamadan province. According to the findings, farmers' conservativeness negatively affected their willingness to cultivate organic garlic. It is proposed to hold exhibitions, make TV/radio programs and distribute brochures to inform people about the benefits of healthy products and the disadvantages of chemical products. Thus they will be more willing to buy organic products. The required inputs should be also provided by government in order to ease farmers' access to such inputs. It is also suggested that a few farms be established by Jahad Keshavarzi Organization in different regions in order to make farmers more familiar with this type of agriculture.
https://jrrp.um.ac.ir/article_27187_b6ac59cf6ed8fdac35db13f923ab2a46.pdf
2016-04-01
33
48
10.22067/jrrp.v5i1.39989
Sustainable agriculture
organic agriculture
organic garlic
Hamadan province
Alireza
Abdpour
abdpour@gmail.com
1
University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Vakil
Heidari Sareban
vheidari56@gmail.com
2
University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
AUTHOR
Nozar
Torabi
nozar.torabi@gmail.com
3
University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
AUTHOR
1- Ajudani, Z., & Mehdizadeh, H. (1388/2009). Survey the possibility of developing and promoting organic farming in Kermanshah province from the perspective of agricultural experts. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Education, 4(1), 63-75. [In Persian].
1
2- Allahyari, M.S. (2009). Agricultural sustainability implications for extension systems, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, 3(12), 768-789, Rasht, Iran.
2
3- Amani, A.R. (1380/2001). Study the social and economic factors effective on adoption of low input sustainable agriculture wheat in Khuzestan province, Unpublished master’s thesis, Agricultura Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tahran, Iran. [In Persian].
3
4- Antle, J., & Diagana, B. (2015). Creating incentives for the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices in developing countries: The Role of Soil Carbon Sequestration. Department of Agricultural Economics and Economics, Montana State University, AAEA Annual Meetings, Montreal, Canada.
4
5- Arabiyun, A. (1388/2009). Evaluation the level of sustainability of wheat production and its influencing factors in Fars province. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Education, 5(2), 17-28. [In Persian].
5
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19- Kiani, G, H., & Layaghati, H. (1386/2007). Analysis economic conditions conversion agricultural current to organic agricultural by using of dynamic linear programming model. Proceedings of the National Conference second of iran Ecological Agriculture (pp: 2727-2737), Gorgan, Iran. Retrieved 2014, July. 19, from http://www.civilica.com/Papers-NCEA02-0-100-Title-ASC-AI.html. [In Persian].
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43
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
From Sprawl to Smart Growth: Analysis of Spatial Development Pattern of Rural Settlements (Case Study: Akhond Mahale and Soleyman Abad Villages, Tonekabon Area)
Extended Abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
Spatial expression of increase in earth planet population as the consequence of industrialization, improving the living standards, and reducing the amount of epidemic diseases in the past century, has been the physical-spatial development of urban and rural settlements. This transformation, especially during past decade, beside the technological advances, has shown rapid trend and has made the subject of achievement to optimal pattern and sustain a great challenge for physical-spatial development of mankind settlement (spatially in developing word). This subject will be crucial in countries such as Iran with hot and dry climate characteristics. Since a considerable part of urban and rural settlements are located in plains and areas with fertile soil and water, the socioeconomic life of residents depends, directly and indirectly, on desirable soil and water resources.
Based on the aforementioned facts, rural settlement of Tonekabon area has been under many transformations due to the internal and external factors in the past decades As a result, a scattered and fragmented spatial system has been formed which caused us to witness physical development of this settlement and buried high-quality agricultural land under construction. Actually proximity of this area to the great metropolis of the region (Tehran, Karaj and Ghazvin) has been lead to the formation of population and capital flows to the Tonekabon area. The outcome of this has led to excluding agricultural lands from production process and unplanned development and distribution of rural settlements.
Due to the forces and factors which have affected this phenomena, the aim of this article is recognition and analysis of these forces and factors, and prioritization principles of smart growth to perform based on the spatial- temporal characteristics of rural settlements.
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Rural settlement is considered as a part of spatial system, which in the recent decade is facing excessive growth due to transformation obtained from external forces and internal factors. This has caused these rural communities to meet the broad challenge of maintaining rural character and also support the economic growth and opportunity; thus they require means that can be adjusted to reflect the diversity of rural communities and that can be applied to both expanding and contracting economies. Smart growth is an approach in the frame of its goals and methods be able to protect the environment and rural social dynamics.
3. METHODOLOGY
The research method was descriptive-analytic. The methods and tools used for data gathering were library and field methods, questionnaires, and maps. Statistical population of this research was household’s residents of Akhond Mahale and Soleyman Abad villages which consisted of 894 villagers in 2011. Indicators examined in this study included: Economical (employment and investment), social (population and migration), and cultural (separation and car acquisition) forces and factors.
4. CONCLUSION
The results of this research show that, change in population, entrance of immigrants with financial funds, change in the employment structure, investment of different kinds of residents, and the increase of private cars are the effective factors in sprawl phenomena. Directing the growth into the rural region, strengthening rural- urban linkage, and strengthening rural services and facilities are the main prioritization of smart growth in the rural settlements under study.
https://jrrp.um.ac.ir/article_27235_93613f84e5e19000df763aa16a02329a.pdf
2016-04-01
49
66
10.22067/jrrp.v5i1.40531
Sprawl growth
Smart Growth
Akhond Mahale and Soleyman Abad villages
external forces and internal factors
Mostafa
Bayat
bayat6669@gmail.com
1
Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Zohre
Satari
ensiye_kheyri@yahoo.com
2
Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Hasan
Mohhamadian Mosamam
3
Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohhmad Ramezan
Journabiyan
nabiyan.2100@gmail.com
4
Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Bourhill, I. A. (2005). The rural chimera. Doctoral dissertation, University of Victoria, Canada.
1
2. Burchell, R. W., Listokin, D., & Galley, C. C. (2000). Smart growth: More than a ghost of urban policy past, less than a bold new horizon. Housing policy debate, 11(4), 821-879.
2
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3
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4
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5
6. Daniels, T. (1999). When city and country collide: Managing growth in the metropolitan fringe. Island Press.
6
7. Downs, A. (2001). An approach to analyzing the impacts of “smart growth ‘upon economic development. Economic Development Review, 17(4), 9-17.
7
8. Downs, A. (2005). Smart growth: why we discuss it more than we do it, Journal of the American Planning Association, 71(4), 367-378.
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13. Gonzalez-Abraham, C. E., Radeloff, V. C., Hammer, R. B., Hawbaker, T. J., Stewart, S. I., & Clayton, M. K. (2007). Building patterns and landscape fragmentation in northern Wisconsin, USA. Landscape Ecology, 22(2), 217-230.
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14. Grant J.L. (2012). International encyclopedia of housing and home new urbanism and smart growth movements. Osmania Journal of Social Sciences, 6(1), 12-25.
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15. Hansen, A. J., Rasker, R., Maxwell, B., Rotella, J. J., Johnson, J. D., Parmenter, A. W., ... & Kraska, M. P. (2002). Ecological causes and consequences of demographic change in the New West as natural amenities attract people and commerce to the rural west, the resulting land-use changes threaten biodiversity, even in protected areas, and challenge efforts to sustain local communities and ecosystems. Bioscience, 52(2), 151-162.
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18. Leith, R. M., & Whitfield, P. H. (2000). Some effects of urbanization on streamflow records in a small watershed in the lower Fraser Valley, BC. Retrieved 2014, June. 19, from http://research.wsulibs.wsu.edu/xmlui/handle/2376/1074
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20. Liu, J., Daily, G. C., Ehrlich, P. R., & Luck, G. W. (2003). Effects of household dynamics on resource consumption and biodiversity. Nature, 421(6922), 530-533.
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21. Lopez, R., & Hynes, H. P. (2003). Sprawl in the 1990s measurement, distribution, and trends. Urban Affairs Review, 38(3), 325-355.
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22. Mann, S. (2009). Institutional causes of urban and rural sprawl in Switzerland. Land use policy, 26(4), 919-924.
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23. Meck, S. (2002). Growing smart legislative guidebook: Model statutes for planning and the management of change. Nat. Resources & Env't., 17(1), 175-180.
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24. Michaud, W., (2013). Financing strategies to overcome barriers to smart growth in rural communities, smart growth network: National Conversation on the Future of our Communities. Retrieved 2014, April. 19, from https://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth/essential-smart-growth-fixes-communities.
24
25. Mishkovsky, N., Dalbey, M., Bertaina, S., Read, A., & McGalliard, T. (2010). Putting smart growth to work in rural communities. Washington, DC: International City/County Management Association (ICMA).
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28. Radeloff, V. C., Hammer, R. B., & Stewart, S. I. (2005). Rural and suburban sprawl in the US Midwest from 1940 to 2000 and its relation to forest fragmentation. Conservation biology, 19(3), 793-805
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29. Saedi, A., & Sadough, S. H. (1385/2006). Spatial system as an essence of geographical study. Journal of Geographical Association of Iran, 4(10/11), 8-20. [In Persian]
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31. Stillwell, H.D. (1987). Environmental impacts and site constraints of mountain resort development. Papers and Proceedings of Applied Geography 10(1), 297-305.
31
32. Theobald, D. M. (2001). Land use dynamics beyond the American urban fringe. Geographical Review, 91(3), 544-564.
32
33. Theobald, D. M., Miller, J. R., & Hobbs, N. T. (1997). Estimating the cumulative effects of development on wildlife habitat. Landscape & Urban Planning, 39(1), 25-36.
33
34. Waldie, D. J. (2000). Do the Voters Really Hate Sprawl? New York Times, 3.
34
35. Weiler, S., & Theobald, D. (2003). Pioneers of rural sprawl in the Rocky Mountain West. The Review of Regional Studies, 33(3), 264-283.
35
36. Xi, F., He, H. S., Clarke, K. C., Hu, Y., Wu, X., Liu, M., ... & Gao, C. (2012). The potential impacts of sprawl on farmland in Northeast China—Evaluating a new strategy for rural development. Landscape and Urban Planning, 104(1), 34-46.
36
37. Yang, F. (2009). If Smart is Sustainable? an analysis of smart growth policies and its successful practices. Retrieved 2014, April. 19, from http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1643& context=etd
37
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Analysis of Socio-cultural Elements Influencing Villagers’ Orientation towards Sustainable Farming (Case Study: Villages of Babolsar County)
Extended Abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
Agriculture sector takes up a huge share in the economy of developing countries and, considering the extent of activities in this sector, not only are its economic and environmental aspects considered in global policy making, but its social and cultural aspects are as important as the other ones. Simultaneous attention to all three mentioned factors is usually considered as sustainable development. Whereas the majority of extant studies have focused on the first two factors, the present research has emphasized the third aspect, that is the social one. The two major issues dealt with in this paper are as follows:
A. understanding the degree of villagers’ orientation towards sustainable farming and
B. identifying the socio-cultural factors influencing this orientation.
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Experts in social sciences are of the opinion that human behavior is based on attitudes and values. Initial alternation of attitudes and values is a prerequisite for any change in sustainable behavior. Social, psychological studies of the environment through assessing the link between the attitude and the environmental behavior reveal that attitudes play a role in having a responsible environmental behavior. It is usually said that people’s values are intertwined with environmental attitudes and behavior. Values constitute major goals or criteria in people’s lives and, for them, function as a reference point and a guide. In addition, social trust is one of the preconditions for participating in environmental plans and policies. Social trust makes the awareness of environmental problems and realization of environmental and scientific issues possible. Trust makes people act without any fear of the consequences and accept the policies for risk-taking or support them. Channels of reliable information, too, play an important role in responsible environmental behavior. Government organizations, media and experts provide the necessary environmental information, targeting various audiences.
3. METHODOLOGY
Scaling was adopted as the research method. The data was gathered using a self-designed questionnaire. Research population constituted of 7861 of the villagers living in Babolsar county (located in Mazandaran province), among whom 140 villagers were chosen using multistage cluster sampling. Questionnaire’s face validity was determined through the opinions presented by faculty members of Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University and the reliability of the questionnaire was determined to be more than 0.65. Farmers’ gravitation towards sustainable farming was the dependent variable and, in line with the theoretical framework, environmental attitude, environmental values, trust and information sources were chosen as independent variables.
4. DISCUSSION
The findings of the study revealed that villagers have a positive and relatively high orientation towards sustainable farming. Evaluation of environmental attitude and villager’s adherence to environmental values was satisfactory, too. The level of social trust and utilization of information sources was moderate among villagers. Among the factors under study, villagers’ income, surface is of agricultural land, age and education had no relationship with their orientation towards sustainable farming. On the contrary, among the social factors social trust and among the cultural factors environmental values were influential in sustainable farming attitudes.
5. CONCLUSION
The present study investigated the orientation of villagers of Babolsar County in terms of adhering to sustainability standards in farming, with emphasis on cultural and social factors. According to the findings, through bolstering social trust in rural communities, coordination in actions should be improved and individual capacities in attaining the objectives should be considered. Supporting villagers financially, through institutions operating in the agriculture domain, incorporating villagers’ views and opinions in the renovation of planting and harvesting processes, reinforcing and managing education of local people in terms of environmental risks and pollutions along with changing habits contrary to sustainable development in villages will not materialize unless the way is paved for burgeoning the social trust.
https://jrrp.um.ac.ir/article_27272_f5f6f2457e9a27c2eb16025b3a381bec.pdf
2016-04-01
67
81
10.22067/jrrp.v5i1.40609
Sustainable farming
villagers
Social trust
environmental values
Babolsar
Sadegh
Salehi
s.salehi@umz.ac.ir
1
Mazandaran University, Babolsar, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Zahra
Pazukinejad
zahrapazoki1464@gmail.com
2
Mazandaran University, Babolsar, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Afrakhteh, H., Hajipour, M., Gorzin, M., & Nejati, B. (1392/2013). Status of sustainable development of agriculture in development programs’ Iran (Case: quinquennial programs after Revolution). Journal of Macro Strategic Policies, 1(1), 65-95. [In Persian]
1
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2
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3
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4
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5
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6
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11. Gadimi, S.A.R., Fami. H., & Asadi, A. (1391/2012). Analysis of factors influencing on attitude’s villagers towards organic agriculture. Journal of Promotion and Education Researches of Agriculture, 5(4), 70-82. [In Persian]
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31. Sharbatian, M.H. (1390/2011). Focusing on necessity of status of cultural engineering in sustainable development of rural community. Journal of Cultural Engineering, 6(59-60), 59-69. [In Persian]
31
32. Solaimani, A. (1389/2010). Analysis of factors influencing on attitude’s villagers in Giruft County towards sustainable agriculture (Case study: Corn growers). First National Seminar of Sustainable Agriculture and Healthy Product, November 11-12, 2010, (pp. 1-15), Center of agriculture researches and natural resources of Esfahan, Esfahan, Iran. [In Persian]
32
33. Wiles, E. (2012). Farmers’ perception of climate change and climate solutions. Published by Global Sustainability Institute, Retrieved 15 Agust 2013 from http://www.anglia.ac.uk/gsi.
33
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Spatial-Local Effects of Return Migration in Miyandoab County
Extended Abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
The process of most migrations in underdeveloped countries is from village to city. The reverse of this process, i.e. migration from city to village, is called reverse migration. The reverse migration is an important phenomenon, and in the national scale, the linear motion of migration from urban settlements to rural ones is due to some reasons like the birthplace and initial settlement of immigrants. However, return migration is a process which is related to the birthplace and initial living place of the person, who then immigrated to cities and settled there and after that returned to village. Accordingly, in return migration, the birth place and living place of rural people along with socioeconomic reasons make them migrate to cities and spend a long-life time there, and then, return to their country land. The phenomenon of return migration in Iran is one of the subjects to which little attention has been paid. However, those who have returned to villages can accelerate the development of rural areas with technical skills and financial capitals. This study aims to evaluate the spatial–local and socioeconomic effects of return migration on rural areas of Miyandoab County.
2. METHODOLOGY
The present study is a kind of applied-developmental qualitative research and its method is analytic-descriptive and intensive. Among the different types of qualitative methods, the Grounded theory has been selected. The participants are from Miyandoab county in Southeast of West Azarbaijan. The participants of this study are 126 householders who have come back to their country lands in the past fifteen years. In order to determine the sample size, the researchers made use of purposive sampling using sequential-theoretical method. The field data were obtained through sub-structured interviews with returned immigrants. With 22 interviews reached to theoretical saturation. The data analysis has been done using Strauss Al and Corbin JM methods along with data gathering. In this method, the obtained qualitative data from interviews were analyzed manually in three phases, namely, open coding, axial coding and selective coding.
3. DISCUSSION
At the time of migration, the average age of respondents was 31.4, and at the time of returning, it was 55.2. The returnees had almost higher levels of lands than beneficiaries of the county. The average land of beneficiaries of this county is 4.15 hectares. While, the average land of returned immigrants is 23.7 hectares. Therefore, returned immigrants are those who have significant area of lands (personal or hereditary). The return mechanism followed four indices including economic, social, psychological, and developmental indices. Having evaluated costs and socioeconomic benefits, the immigrants made their decisions to return. Therefore, these two indexes, i.e., cost and benefit outcome, are important return factors. Generally, the economic aspects have more impact on people's motivation in returning to villages while the developmental, psychological and social aspects are in next positions. On the other hand, return migrations (urban- rural) are because of the effects of pull factors in rural areas rather than push factors in urban areas.
One of the results of immigrants' returnees is the return of financial and human capitals to villages. The immigrants have brought back their financial capitals or part of them to the villages and invested in different parts of economy. The triggering of industrial livestock and fattening cattle, the development of under pressure irrigation or mechanization of cultivation and harvest stages of grain products are some instances of the returned immigrants' investments in agriculture. The industry sector has also attracted some parts of returnees' capital including workshop industries, building doors, windows and welding, industrial mill, cheese and bakery industry. The establishment of cooperative company of agricultural distribution, and the appliances' repairing centers are also among investment cases of returned immigrants in service sectors of sample villages.
4. CONCLUSION
Return migration as a human action in geographical space occurs because of two main types of factors. High costs of living, lack of housing, high rent, unemployment, and cultural problems of destination cities are among a series of factors called Repulsiveness factors. On the other hand, the delivery of infrastructure services, the development of physical layout of village, acquisition and revival of agricultural land are among the other type of factors named the attractions of original place. However, the effect of economic factors in making people return to village was much more. Therefore, the findings of this study are in harmony with push-pull theory of Everett S. Lee and Lary Shastad's theory. The fact that returnees did not disconnect themselves to village people and have had significant land areas acted as a system of desired data in Mabogunje theory in immigration returning phenomenon. Return migration shows the capital trend from city to village. The trend of human and financial capitals in rural areas indicates the geographical reforming in the studied area. The return of human capitals, skills, experiences, and economic capitals in the form of return migration has a kind of cyclone flow of capital in space area having a flow from village to city and then to village.
https://jrrp.um.ac.ir/article_27301_969c27421d9bc29a5c510a2d47355ae6.pdf
2016-04-01
83
98
10.22067/jrrp.v5i1.43612
Miyandoab county
return migration
spatial infrastructure
urban–rural migration
Hasan
Afrakhteh
hafrakhteh@yahoo.com
1
Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Reza
Manafiazar
rezamanafiazar@yahoo.com
2
Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad
Valaei
valaei1365@gmail.com
3
Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Adib Haj Bagheri, M. (1385/2006). The research method of grounded theory, Techniques of theorizing in Health and Human Sciences. Tehran: Human Press. [In Persian]
1
2. Afrakhteh, H., & Hajipour, M. (1392/2013). The development of possession system of rural lands, causes and consequences, (Case study: Neghab and Masome Abad villages in Khosef County). Quarterly of Rural Development Economy, 2(3), 1-21. [In Persian]
2
3. Amar, T. (1385/2006). the study and analysis of second houses' development in rural areas of Khorgam district in Rodbar county. Geographical Outlook Quarterly, 1(1), 65-78. [In Persian]
3
4. Dumont, J. C., & Spielvogel, G. (2008). Return migration: A new perspective. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), International Migration Outlook, Annual Report.
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5. Dustmann, C., & Yoram, W. (2007). Return migration: Theory and empirical evidence center for research and analysis of migration. London: University College of London.
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6. Dustmann, C., Itzhak, F., & Yoram, W. (2011). Return migration, human capital accumulation and the brain drain. Journal of Development Economics, 95(1), 58–67.
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7. Gasemi, M., Javan, J., & Saberi, Z. (1393/2014). The analysis of reverse migration formation factors in rural areas of Binalood County. Geographical Studies of Dry Areas, 4(16), 15-37. [In Persian]
7
8. Gavidel, S., Razagi, H., & Seyed Alipour, S.Kh. (1386/2007). The study of process and migration reasons to Tehran Metropolis with emphasis on Firouzkooh County. Economy Science Magazine, 1(10), 165-194. [In Persian]
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9. Gordon, F, Jong., Marilou, C. and Legazpi, B (1994). Occupational status of rural outmigration and return migrants. Journal of Rural Sociology, 59(4), 693- 707.
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10. HajiHosseini, H. (1385/2006). Revolution in migration theories. Rahbord Journal, 41(1), 35-46. [In Persian]
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13. Mambani, E., & Gasemi Ardahayi, A. (1390/2011). The influential factors on the tendency of university professors' migration of Ahvaz to out of province. Sociology of Social Issues of Iran, 2(4), 109-125. [In Persian]
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14. Manafi Azar, R. (1390/2011). The analysis of Acceptance Process and the implementation of under pressure irrigation systems and its effect on the rural development of Miyandoab County. Unpublished master’s thesis, Payamnoor University of Gonbade-e- Kavoos, Gonbade-e- Kavoos, Iran. [In Persian]
14
15. Manafi Azar, R., Abdollahi, A., Alizadeh, T., Valayi, M., & Gasemi Ardahayi, A. (1393/2014). Return Migration and its consequences on the rural areas, (Case study: Barough District of Miyandoab County). Planning Studies of Human Settlements, 8(24), 12.23. [In Persian]
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16. Motiee Langaroudi, S.H., Gadiri Masom, M., Rezvani, M.R., Nazari, A., & Sahneh, B. (1390/2011). The impact ofimmigrants 'return to villages in the improvement of residents' livelihood (Case study: Ag Gala County). Human Geography Researches, 43(78), 67-83
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18. Okali, D.U.U., Okpara, E., & Olawoye, J. (2001). The case of Aba and its region, southeastern Nigeria (No. 4), IIED.
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19. Planck, M. (2006). Internal migration and household living conditions in Ethiopia Blessing Uchenna Mbera: institute for demographic research. Journal of Demographic Research, 14(1), 509-540.
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20. Rabani, V., Taheri, Z., & Rosta, Z. (1390/2011). The study of reasons of reverse migration's motivations and its effect on social-economic development (Case study: the immigrants of Tankabon and Ramsar). Urban Planning and Research Magazine, 2(5), 83-108. [In Persian]
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21. Raghfar, H., & Gasemi Ardahayi, A. (1388/2009). The migration causes and demographic –economic characteristics of immigrants between cities: the comparative study of Iranian immigrants from city to village and from village to city during 1996-2006. Quarterly of Iran Demography Forum, 4(8), 39-61. [In Persian]
21
22. Ranjbar, H., Haghdoost, A.A., Salsali, M., Khoshdel, A., Soleimani, M.A., & Bahrami. N. (1391/2012). Sampling in Qualitative Researches, guidance for start. Scientific Research Magazine, the Medical Science University of Islamic Republic Iran Army, 10(3), 238-250. [In Persian]
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23. Sajjadi, Jh., & Kaviyani, A. Z. (1389/2010). The effect of Spatial Inequality in Social Anomalies, (Case study: Abdanan city). The Collection of Selected Papers of National Conferences of Migration, Principle and Security, second volume (pp. 243-259), Applied Research Office of Police Commander of Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran. [In Persian]
23
24. Statistical Center of Iran (1390/2011). The certification of Prosperity of the Country, Miyandoab county in 2011. Tehran: Statistical Center of Iran. [In Persian]
24
25. Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. M. (1994). Basics of qualitative research, techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Press.
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26. Taher Khani, M. (1381/2002). The Recognition of Effective Factors in urban-rural migrations with emphasis on the migration of rural youth of Gazvin province. Quarterly of Humanities Teacher, 6(25), 41-60. [In Persian]
26
27. United Nations Statistics Division. (1998). Recommendations on statistics of international migration (Rev. 1). New York: United Nations.
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28. Wang, W. W. (2004). Urban-rural return labor migration in China: A case study of Sichuan and Anhui provinces. Retrieved from http://www.iir.ucla.edu/research/grad_conf/2004/wang.pdf
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29. Zaheri, M. (1390/2011). The analysis of spatial interactional effects of Tabriz Metropolis and perimeter dormitory villages with emphasis on reverse migration and its influential factors. Geographical Researches, 26(102), 169-188. [In Persian]
29
30. Zaiceva, A., & Zimmermann, K. F. (2012). Returning home at times of trouble? Return migration of EU enlargement migrants during the crisis, Institute for the study of labor, Bonn. Retrieved 2013, Dec, from http://IZA.org/dp7111.pdf
30
31. Zanjani, H. A. (1378/1999). Demographic analysis. (2st ed.). Tehran: Semat Press. [In Persian]
31
32. Zanjani, H. A. (1380/2001). Migration. Tehran: Semat Press. [In Persian]
32
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Land Use Stratification Using Multi-Criteria Evaluation and AHP to Locate a Base for Temporary Accommodation in GIS Environment (Case Study: Central District of Faruj County)
Extended Abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
Iran is one the countries prone to natural disasters. Situated in mountainous areas, northern districts of Khorasan Province, due to its ecological, seismological, and geological features, and also because of its unique topographical and climatic conditions, is located in high or moderate risk areas and is subject to natural disasters such as flood, earthquake, land slide, and land slip. The literature shows that several natural disasters strike in the area every year. Given the distribution and distance of rural areas, such disasters mostly threaten the rural areas rather than urban areas. The occurrence of such natural disasters in the region reveals the need for planning (crisis management) after the incident so that one can get an accommodation which is safe, secure, and socially appropriate, a place where human dignity is preserved and makes way for quick return to normal life for the people affected. We believe that to achieve such a goal, it is necessary to make plans prior to emergencies and disasters in areas prone to risk.
Given the steps in crisis management, this study tries to identify suitable locations for temporary accommodation in a disaster zone. Additionally, having incorporated proper and scientific management features into the plans, this study would assist crisis management with facilities required to identify suitable locations for temporary accommodation so that in the event of a disaster, it is possible to quickly establish camps for affected people.
The main question of this study is ‘what is the good model for selecting a site for temporary accommodation centers in rural areas in the central district of Faruj County, in a way that it can enhance the effectiveness of crisis management and fits the criteria of sustainable development?
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Crisis management should involve continuous measures and practices which are based on classic function of management including planning, organization, establishment, leadership, and control. In fact, crisis management is a set of theoretical concepts and practical measures in various aspects of planning for disaster during, before, and after the event. The overall task of crisis management is to handle the crisis in a very short time with the best principles and methods. Site selection model is a set of principles which makes it possible to optimize the use of services or industrial activities (points corresponding to the maximum benefit and minimum cost). Theories of site selection date back to the nineteenth century in Germany where the first theory of industrial site selection was proposed in 1878. The main purpose of assessing a location for a specific use of land is to ensure that the expansion of human activities, considering the possibilities and limitations, is compatible with the natural environment.
3. METHODOLOGY
This study is applied in terms of aims, and descriptive-analytical in terms of research methodology. In this paper, status quo analysis and modeling of the data were used. To set up a GIS database, which consists of digitized spatial and descriptive data, we digitized the spatial data (floods, earthquakes, landslides, and physical features of the sample villages) of the central district of Faruj County using the relevant maps and ArcGIS software package and saved them together with descriptive data to make analysis possible. Then, a questionnaire was designed and completed by 30 knowledgeable professionals in the field. Finally, considering the weight of the layers in AHP model, GIS database and overlapping operations with different maps effective in site selection as well as temporary accommodation bases were determined.
4. CONCLUSION
Site selection criteria for land use planning are generally a set of standards by which the optimum location for a specific use is evaluated. The local characteristics and needs of residents are the main criteria for selection of the land use. Identifying and selecting the factors effective in site selection are of important steps of the study.
Factors influencing the site selection for temporary accommodation bases are:
A) Environmental factors including factors effective in occurrence of earthquake, landslide, flood, and topographical features.
B) Physical facilities including access to suitable roads, rural public access, health facilities, business-service facilities, security (police stations), training-cultural centers, safety (fire stations), telecommunication facilities, suitable buildings, proximity to main residence areas, adequate infrastructure, and safe distance from danger zone.
After collecting the views and opinions, we calculated the geometric mean of the views. Using Expert Choice software package we came up with paired comparisons, hierarchies, layers’ weight and values of conflicts. As for environmental factors, the seismicity index with a weight of 0.569 and landslide with a weight of 0.228 received highest preference coefficients. Regarding indexes of facilities available in the sample villages, the indexes of access to the suitable roads, and health facilities respectively weighting 0.225 and 0.168 got highest preference coefficients in locating the temporary accommodation basis.
Having calculated the weight of the layers, in the last stage using Spatial Analysis Extension, we incorporated the layer in GIS environment, and came up with the map of total scores for different criteria; the layers were classified into four classes including totally suitable, suitable, relatively suitable, and unsuitable. The output of the above model is the map of optimum location for construction of temporary accommodation basis. That is, if they need to set up a base for temporary accommodation, the spots representing the “totally suitable areas” should receive the first priority for construction of a temporary accommodation base.
Following the theoretical principles and criteria for site selection and the importance of site selection for temporary accommodation in urban and rural areas, to ensure safety and reduce damage, and to answer the question above, having reviewed the literature, we selected a variety of environmental and physical criteria which are discussed in detail in this project. During the process of site selection for emergency accommodation in the area, we faced with the following facts and findings.
Having calculated the main indexes according to experts, we found that environmental factors had the most weight and highest priority in temporary accommodation basis. The calculated CR should be less than 0.10 and it was 0.07 in this study. The matrices based on the granted preferences are stable, and in site selection, environmental indexes should be regarded with more attention, and physical factors take the second priority and has lower importance coefficient in site selection.
Ultimately, summing up the final scores of zones where the natural conditions, safe distance from all sorts of dangers and physical facilities are taken into account, we came up with the final map of optimum site selection for temporary accommodation bases. The villages of Mayvan and Chery received the highest site selection score for the temporary accommodation basis.
https://jrrp.um.ac.ir/article_27325_354c3910150d49192800b25611ac9345.pdf
2016-04-01
99
121
10.22067/jrrp.v5i1.43879
AHP
Crisis Management
Faruj County
GIS
overlay
Site Selection
temporary accommodation basis
Khadijeh
Bozarjomehri
me.javan65@yahoo.com
1
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Ira
AUTHOR
Mehdi
Javanshiri
me.javan65@gmail.com
2
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ali
Ghorbani
geo_ghorbani1972@yahoo.com
3
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohamd-Reza
Darban Astaneh
d.astaneh@pnu.ac.ir
4
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Ahadnejad, M., Zolfi, A., & Shukripour Dizaj, H. (1390/2011). Evaluation and prediction of physical expansion of towns using satellite imagery and, temporal and geographic information (Case study: Ardabil: 1984- 2021). Quarterly Journal of Environmental Based Territorial Planning, 15(7), 107-124. [In Persian]
1
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2
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3
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8
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18. Ismaeili, A. (1392/2013). Environmental hazards in the physical chang es of rural settlements (Case study: Garm-khan rural district, Bojnourd County) (Unpublished master’s thesis). Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. [In Persian]
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19. Ismail-Zadeh Hakimi, B., (1386/2007). Simulation of human errors based on reliability theory: A case study of design and test of the power transmission towers. The first International conference on risk management (Pp. 2-10). Tehran: Practical Information Development Co. [In Persian]
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20. Kamyar, G. (1385/2006). Civil rights and urbanism (1st ed.). Tehran: Majd Publications. [In Persian]
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21. Khosravi, M., Mousavi, M., & Khaksari Rafsanjani, A. (1389/2010). A model for effective site selection of urban crisis management centers with sustainable development approach (A case study of municipal area 6 in Isfahan). Mashhad Research, 3(4), 93-114. [In Persian]
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22. Mahdavi, M., (1385/2006). Zoning central district of Varzaqan County for locating rural service centers using GIS. Journal of Geographical Research, 55(38), 203-224. [In Persian]
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23. Malchofsky, Y. (1386/2007). GIS and multicriteria decision analysis. (Parhizkar, A. & Ghafari Gilandeh, A. Trans.), Tehran: SAMT Publication. [In Persian]
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24. MarÍa, J., Jimenez, M., Joven, J. A., Pirla, A. R., & Lanuza, A. T. (2005). A spreadsheet module for consistent consensus building in AHP-group decision making. Group Decision and Negotiation, 14(2), 89-108.
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25. Mau-Crimmins, T., De Steiguer, J. E., & Dennis, D. (2005). AHP as a means for improving public participation: a pre–post experiment with university students. Forest policy and economics, 7(4), 501-514.
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29. Ngai, E. W. T. (2003). Selection of websites for online advertising using the AHP. Information & Management, 40, 233-242.
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30. Nir Abady, H. (1386/2007). Applications of GIS techniques in site selection for landfill (Case study: Tabriz) (Unpublished master’s thesis). University of Tabriz, Iran. [In Persian]
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31. Nir Abady, H., & Kohbnany, H. (1389/2010). Site selection for temporary accommodation camps of earthquake survivors using AHP: Case study: Nishabur County. Geomatics conference, (Pp. 57-71), Nishabur: Civil Engineering Civil Engineering. [In Persian]
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32. Omidvar, B., Nojavan, M., & Baradaran Shoraka, M. (1389/2010). Site selection for temporary accommodation using GIS: A case study of municipal area 1 in Tehran. The Second Conference on Planning and Urban Management (Pp. 1-15), Mashhad: City Council, Municipalities and Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. [In Persian]
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33. Pour Taheri, M. (1389/2010). Application of multi-criteria decision-making methods in geography. Tehran: SAMT Publications. [In Persian]
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34. Pourahmad, A., Habibi, K., Mohammad Zahraei, S., & Nazari Adli, S. (1386/2007). Application of fuzzy algorithm and GIS in site selection for urban equipment (Case study: The landfill of Babolsar county). Journal of Ecology, 33(42), 31-42. [In Persian]
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35. Qiveh Chi, S., Attar, M. L., Rashidi, A., Hesary, A., & Nasaby, N. (1391/2012). Site selection for temporary accommodation after the earthquake using GIS and AHP technique: A case study of municipal area 6 in Shiraz. Journal of Regional and Urban Research,5(17), 101-118. [In Persian]
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38. Shahabi, H., (1388/2009). The role of geomorphic factors in the selection of a site for Saqez’s landfill using GIS models and remote sensing technology (Unpublished master’s thesis). University of Tabriz, Iran. [In Persian]
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44. Zhao, P. (2010). Sustainable urban expansion and transportation in a growing megacity: Consequences of urban sprawl for mobility on the urban fringe of Beijing. Habitat International, 34(2), 236-243.
44
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Investigating the Efficacy of Non-agricultural Activities in Rural Settlements’ Economic and Social Development (Case Study: Firouzeh Mines in Khorasan Razavi)
Extended Abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
Within the economic structure of rural areas in developing countries, agriculture is considered the main pillar of people’s livelihood and, similarly, in most development plans, agriculture is the only and the most important aspect of any village’s economy. Lack of diversity in economic infrastructure and job opportunities, specifically for the growing workforce of villages, is the most important feature of such a structure which, to some degree, stems from the kind of attitude towards villages, governmental policies together with the internal issues of the village. Thus it seems that creation and expansion of non-agriculture jobs and remunerative activities, especially rural industries, alongside the expansion of lower-level rural centers should be considered as the major means of creating jobs in villages. Undoubtedly, creating job will forestall the mass departure of workforce from villages and their concentration in cities. Most development theorists, in order to decrease the negative consequence of such a structure, and within the framework of sustainable development, have suggested the development of non-agricultural activities. To this end, industrialization of rural areas, for creation of job opportunities and remunerative activities, as a means of reducing inequality in rural areas, has captured the attention of development policy makers and is able to play a crucial role in the process of rural development, through satisfying basic needs and creating links with other sectors of the economy.
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Various theories have been put forward about industrialization including trickle-down theory or Louis logic, connection theory of Darkoh and Seidman, the theory of regional polarization, and sustainable development theory. In sustainable development, as a quasi-paradigm, emphasis on non-agricultural rural economy, as a supplementary economy, is among the crucial issues. In line with this theory, recently, the issue that not all the burden of villagers’ subsistence should be placed on the agriculture sector and that, alongside it, other extended activities, taking into account the specific opportunities available in each settlement and region, should be defined is receiving more attention. Bolstering non-agricultural activities, for the purpose of increasing the incomes of those who do not own any piece of land or own small pieces, is among the measures emphasized by experts. Such measures can lead to an increase in the participation rate of various social groups and, through improving villagers’ skills and income, can prevent them from immigrating to cities, paving the way for more development in economic, social, cultural and environmental aspects. With regards to the previous studies, Langroudi (2010) in a study on the relationship between the degree of social and economic changes in villagers’ lives, using non-parametric tests, found a significant difference in factors regarding income and saving levels of employed villagers, job satisfaction, willingness to continue living in the village, travel and leisure status, and improvement in healthcare. Jamshidi (2010) in a study of 364, through multi-stage sampling, depicted that industries exert a significant positive influence on the neighboring villages, both economically and socially, improving such factors as income, employment, welfare while, at the same time, decreasing poverty and unemployment. Bouzjahromi (2010) investigated the economic and living conditions of 190 industry workers and 198 non-industry workers and depicted that a significant economic difference exits between the two groups, with industry workers being in a better situation. Shohretaj (2010), too, in a correlational and associational study showed that Mayamay industrial region has created job opportunities for villagers and increased their income.
3. METHODOLOGY
Firouzeh mine is located in Firouzeh rural district in TahtJolge section of Firouzeh county in Razavi Khorasan province, 53 kilometers northwest of Nishapur county. The present study aims to investigate the role of Firouzeh mines, as a non-agricultural activity, through field study and questionnaires. The research population included the settlers of Firouzeh rural district in Firouzeh county, with a population of 3205 comprising 948 families, among whom 250 of those employed in the mining and non-mining sectors were selected through stratified and then random sampling, using Cochran’s sample size formula. Questionnaire’s validity was established through content and face validity measures and was approved by four geographies and planning faculty members of University of Sistan and Baluchestan. The reliability of the questionnaire was established through Cronbach’s alpha, with a coefficient of 0.862 which is indicative of a satisfactory reliability. For analyzing the data and testing the hypotheses, one sample t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Tukey’s test were used.
4. DISCUSSION
The findings of the research are reflective of a general improvement in the region’s social and economic factors after the creation of the mining zone. So much so that the creation of the mining zone has been accompanied by positive effects on employment, income level, job-creation, purchasing power, participation, reduction of poverty, development of housing, together with economic and social welfare for the villagers. The findings, also, revealed that mining activities’ degree of influence on social and economic factors of various rural groups in Firouzeh rural district is not the same.
5– CONCLUSION
Mining activities in the region under the study have led to an increase in and elevation of social and economic factors and there is a significant difference between mining and agriculture workers in terms of enjoyment of social and economic factors, with miners enjoying higher status and having a higher standard of living; therefore, it can be claimed that, as shown in this study and in previous ones, expansion of non-agricultural activities, such as mining activities, plays a crucial role in social and economic development of rural regions. Clustering mining activities and their agglomeration into clusters is one of the major solutions in this regard. Agglomeration of activities in Firouzeh mine (extraction, cutting, etching, inlaying, jewelry making, etc.) makes using others’ experiences and facilities, creating shared facilities and performing tasks collectively possible. Thus, it can be said that creation of mining clusters in various fields can help this region develop further.
https://jrrp.um.ac.ir/article_27360_31a6773db79f8629063e63dd8d1fe285.pdf
2016-04-01
123
135
10.22067/jrrp.v5i1.45742
Non-agricultural activities
Sustainable development
Firouzeh mines
Firouzeh county
Ali
Hajinejad
ahajinejad@yahoo.com
1
Guilan University, Rasht, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Zahra
Mozaffari
zh_mozaffari@yahoo.com
2
University of Sistan & Balochestan, Zahedan, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Agricultural Jihad of Firuzeh County. (1390/2011). Statistical Yearbook 2011 cereal crops firuzeh village. Firuzeh: Unit of Program and Design. [In Persian]
1
2. Berdegue, J. A., Ramı́rez, E., Reardon, T., & Escobar, G. (2001). Rural nonfarm employment and incomes in Chile. World Development, 29(3), 411-425.
2
3. Bozarjomehri, Kh., Shayan, H., & Hamzehee, M. (1391/2012). To consider the effects of industrial township on neighbor rural areas (Case study: industry township of Khaiam Neishabour). Journal of Applied Researches of Geographical Sciences, 12(27), 52-31. [In Persian]
3
4. Da Silva, J. G., & Del Grossi, M. E. (2001). Rural nonfarm employment and incomes in Brazil: patterns and evolution. World Development, 29(3), 443-453.
4
5. Daneshpour, A., & Moradpour, R. (1386/2007). Orientation of permanent rural residence. Sharnegar Magazine, 5(1), 44-62. [In Persian]
5
6. Darban Astaneh, A. R. (1386/2007). The contents and bases of industries organizing in rural areas. (1st ed.). Tehran: Organization of Iran Councils and Municipalities. [In Persian]
6
7. De Janvry, A., Sadoulet, E., & Zhu, N. (2005). The role of non-farm incomes in reducing rural poverty and inequality in China. Department of Agricultural & Resource Economics, UCB.
7
8. Deininger, K., & Olinton, P. (2001). Rural Non – farm employment and income diversification in Clombia. World Develop, 29(1), 455 - 465.
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9. Hafeznia, M.R. (1384/2005). Survey on the methodology in human science. Tehran: SAMT Press. [In Persian]
9
10. Hansen, B. (1969). Employment and Wage in Egypt. Amer. Econ, Rev, 59(3), 293 - 313.
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11. Jamshidi, A., Jamshidi, M., Gholami, A., & Soori, Ph. (1390/2011). To consider the effects of neigbor villages development (Case study: Shabab and Ilam industrial township). The Applied Researches of Geographical Sciences, 19(22), 26-7. [In Persian]
11
12. Javan, J., Alavizadeh, A.A., & Kermani, M. (1390/2011). The role of varieties of economic activities in rural permanent development. Scientific and Investigation Section, 9(29), 18-43. [In Persian]
12
13. Javan, J., Shayan, H., Noghani, M., & Ghasemi, M. (1390/2011). Permanent population of rural residence of Mashhad Township with emphasis on approach of varieties the economical activities. Journal of Geography and Regional Development, 9(16), 125-144. [In Persian]
13
14. Jomeepour, M. (1384/2005). Survay to rural development programming, views and methods. Tehran: SAMT Press. [In Persian]
14
15. Lanjouw, J. O., & Lanjouw, P. (2001). The rural non‐farm sector: issues and evidence from developing countries. Agricultural economics, 26(1), 1-23.
15
16. Motiee-e-Langaroodi, S. H., Toorani, A., & Soleimangi, R. (1390/2011). To investigate of spatial implications of establishment the industrial township in rural areas (Case study: central part of Minoodasht County). Journal of Regional & Urban Studies and Researches. 3(9), 37-58. [In Persian]
16
17. Rahimi, A. (1383/2004). To determine the properties of changing and compliment industries of agricultural npart and rural industries. Administration of Agricultural Jihad, 114, 28-43. [In Persian]
17
18. Reardon, T., Berdegue, J., & Escobar, G. (2001). Rural nonfarm employment and incomes in Latin America: Overview and policy implications. World development, 29(3), 395-409.
18
19. Rezvani, M. R. (1383/2004). To survey on rural development in Iran. Tehran: Ghoms Press. [In Persian]
19
20. Ruben, R. (2001). Nonfarm employment and poverty alleviation of rural farm households in Honduras. World Development, 29(3), 549-560.
20
21. Statistics center of Iran. (1390/2011). Identity card of the country villages, Firuzeh County in 2011. Tehran: SCI Publication. [In Persian]
21
22. Taherkhani, M. (1379/2000). Role of industries areas on development of rural industries. Journal of Geographical Researches, 40(1), 33-45. [In Persian]
22
23. Taj, Sh., & Darafarin, Ph. (1390/2011). The effect of villages economic from industrial areas (Case study: Miami industrial area). Journal of New Approach in Human Geography, 4(1), 144-136. [In Persian]
23
24. The organization of Neishaboor s industries and mines. (1390/2011). The management of turquoise mines. Department of Statistics and Information Nishapur, Yearbook Statistical of 2011, Nishapur: Office of Statistics and Data Mining
24
25. Zoghdar Moghadam, R. (1369/1990). Development of non-agricultural activities in rural areas. Monthly Jihad, 10(130), 38-34. [In Persian]
25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Investigating Effects of Drought on Rural Economic Structure Using Factor Analysis (Case Study: Golab Dehestan of Kashan County)
Purpose: The ever-growing population and issues related to water scarcity for developing agricultural lands raised concerns about supplying needed water. The studied area has faced several droughts from 2006 on, and such climatic drought has shown its consequences in economic situation of villages in the area, in addition to reduced amount of rainfall. The present study aims to investigate the effects of the drought on the rural economic structure of the studied area, and recommend strategies and solutions for development adapted to drought and water scarcity conditions in the region in order to be assured of rural livelihoods based on capabilities of the region.
Methods: This study is a descriptive-analytic and causal-field study. Considering the region’s total population (1809 persons), 317 questionnaires were completed by the inhabitants of two villages of Azaran and Varkan in the studied area. Gis and SPSS softwares were also used for statistical analyses (factor analysis model).
Result: The results gained from the factor analysis of the effects of the drought on the economic dimensions in the region can be categorized into 5 major components, which have 54.452%, 21.271%, 10.112%, 10.031%, and 4.001% variance, respectively. To develop agriculture and reduce the impacts of such crisis on the economy of the region, three main strategies were presented using factor analysis and the extracted components with variances of 27.113%, 25.241%, and 23.930%.
https://jrrp.um.ac.ir/article_27395_5847798c5c169bc95ddae477c41c4dd5.pdf
2016-04-01
137
148
10.22067/jrrp.v5i1.46538
Development of rural areas
drought
Economic impacts
Factor analysis
Rural district of Golab
Hamid
Barghi
h.barghi@geo.ui.ac.ir
1
University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Matin
Memaremamieh
matinmemar@yahoo.com
2
University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Almaghrabi, O. (2012). Impact of drought stress on germination and seedling growth parameters of some wheat cultivars. Life Science Journal, 9(1), 590-598.
1
2. Berry, R. G. (2011). Atmosphere weather and climate (6th ed.)., New York: Methuen and Co.
2
3. Davarpanah, G. (1380/2001). Examining the social and economic impacts of floods, droughts, and methods of state aid in reducing these costs. Proceedings of the First National Conference on Discuss Strategies to Tackle Water Crisis (Vol.2, Pp. 67-79). Zabol: University of Zabol. [In Persian]
3
4. Geranmayehpour, A. (1391/2012). The Commission plans, budget and the calculation. Retrieved 2014, July. 19, from www.icana.ir. [In Persian]
4
5. Holden, S., & Shiferaw, B. (2004). Land degradation, drought and food security in a less‐favoured area in the Ethiopian highlands: a bio‐economic model with market imperfections. Agricultural Economics, 30(1), 31-49.
5
6. Statistics Center of Iran. (2011). Census of population and housing. Tehran: SCI Publication. [In Persian]
6
7. Kaviyani, M. B. (1999). Basics meteorological. Tehran: SAMT Publications. [In Persian]
7
8. Kenny, A. (2008). Assessment of the social impact of drought. Journal of American Water Resources Association 37(1), 1-15.
8
9. Kiani, S. (2012). Effects of agriculture on water resources, economic structure, rural community in the East plains of the river basin (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Isfahan, Iran. [In Persian]
9
10. Kiem, A. S., & Austin, E. K. (2013). Drought and the future of rural communities: Opportunities and challenges for climate change adaptation in regional Victoria, Australia. Global Environmental Change, 23(5), 1307-1316.
10
11. Rahmanian, D. (1999). Coping with drought without planning is impossible. Mahab-Ghods, 11(1), 157-169. [In Persian]
11
12. Rezaei, A., Hosseini, M., & Sharifi, O. (2010). Analyze and explain the impact of drought on rural city of Zanjan (Case Study: A. Haj village). Tehran, 14(1), 18-30. [In Persian]
12
13. Rostamifar, F. (1997). Sustainable development, challenges and strategies. Journal of Political Economy, 25(1), 167-168. [In Persian]
13
14. Saleh, I., & Mokhtari, D. (2007). The effects of the economic and social impact of drought on rural households in Sistan region. Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education, 3(1), 123-135. [In Persian]
14
15. Shar Tash Zenderood Counsellor Engineers. (2010). Master Plan for Tourism Consulting Engineers Barzok. Kashan: Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation. [In Persian]
15
16. Sharafi, L., & Zarafshani, K. (2011). To assess the economic and social vulnerability to drought farmers (case study: wheat farmers of Kermanshah province, scene and Ravansar). Rural Research Quarterly, 1(4), 120-128. [In Persian]
16
17. Tian, Y. (2010). Effect of high desert surface layer temperature stress on Haloxylon ammodendorn. C.A. MAY, 29(1), 109-120.
17
18. Wilhite, D. A. (1993). Understanding the phenomenon of drought. Hydro-Review, 12(5), 25-33.
18
19. Zeylaly, A. (2012). Specialized workgroups, drought, frost and risks in agriculture. Kashan: Crisis management of Kashan city.
19
20. www.wikimapia.com
20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Reviewing the Judicalization of Disputes among Villagers and Factors Affecting It (Case Study: Roshtkhar Dehestan)
Extended Abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
Humans are social beings; therefore, they have always been forced to live beside their fellow men. Although social life and relations have led to growth and progress, they sometimes create disturbance leading to the creation of conflicts over their interests and rights, which has resulted in fights and disagreements between them. To solve these disputes, in every era, many methods and solutions have been proposed based on the conditions and requirements of communities. Meanwhile, there have been many changes in different dimensions of villagers’ life, which are noticeable in most villages in Iran including villages of Roshtkhar District. Undoubtedly, these changes stem from the effective socio-cultural, economic, physical changes in rural communities which can affect the trend of change, its expansion and development.
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Developments in rural communities in Iran reflect a range of contrasts between past and present, or in other words, tradition and modernity, and the study on these developments is based on land reforms. In fact, rural areas had faced with economic, social, and environmental challenges but these challenges gradually disappeared and soon there were no choices except accepting modernity and being compatible with this new identity. Regarding the relationship between tradition and modernity, some social scientists believe that many traditional elements in cultural structure of societies are broken through the process of modernism deployment and transition from a traditional society to a modern one. In addition, new elements and structures should be replaced with old ones. Changing the traditional practices and introducing new ways for resolving conflicts among villagers are two important aspects of sociocultural changes in a society. In defining the concept of “dispute”, it should be said that dispute is a common social process with multidimensional features that has its own simplicity or complexity in all social systems. In other words, the word “dispute” refers to a situation in which human groups of a specific race, language, culture, religion, and economy have a conscious dispute because of a real or unreal incompatibility. Dispute is a worldwide phenomenon and is always happening inside societies. However, it is not necessarily without interruption or with the same intensity. Therefore, dispute is a social process with multidimensional features.
3. METHODOLOGY
In the present study, a descriptive-analytical methodology was used to investigate the parameters in two main phases. The first phase includes documentary and library studies, and using internet to investigate issues such as review of literature, background, concepts, and etc. In the second phase, some field studies were done to collect data, prepare and complete questionnaires. In the next step, 13 villages out of 26 villages of Roshtkhar District each with more than 100 households were selected as sample villages, and finally, having used Cochran Formula, 350 households were selected as sample households from the aforementioned villages. Then, questionnaires were completed by the head of sample households. Finally, having used Proportional Allocation Method, the number of households under study whose head has undergone the interview in each village was identified. In the next step, to analyze the data, One-Sample T-Test and Kruskal-Wallis test as well as Expert Choice, SPSS, and ARCG softwares were used.
4. DISCUSSION
The results of this study show that among interested indexes in reviewing the judicalization of disputes among villagers and the factors affecting it, social media with the average of 4.19, and the presence of government institutions with the average of 4.9 have the highest averages among the households under study. On the other hand, the factor that has the highest influence in judicalization of disputes among villagers is changing social aspects, which are influenced by facilities like social media, the presence of government institutions, access to cities, and other factors. These factors have made people not resort to traditional practices for resolving their disputes. In addition, One-Sample T-Test showed that there was a meaningful difference (Ρ
https://jrrp.um.ac.ir/article_27442_9bd04eff1978f6996515af2c6c4c514a.pdf
2016-04-01
149
162
10.22067/jrrp.v5i1.46883
Judicalization of disputes
dispute, social developments
Roshtkhar Dehestan
Seyyed Amir Mohammad
Alavizadeh
alavipnu@gmail.com
1
Payam-e-Noor University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mahmoud Reza
Mirlotfi
mmirlotfi@uoz.ac.ir
2
Zabol University, Zabol, Iran
AUTHOR
Meisam
Bandani
bandanimeisam@gmail.com
3
Zabol University, Zabol, Iran
AUTHOR
Ali
Izadi
aezadi2014@gmail.com
4
Zabol University, Zabol, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Azad, A., & Maleki, A. (1386/2007). Analyzing traditional and modern values at micro and macro levels. Journal of Social Sciences Letter, 30(1), 97-122. [In Persian]
1
2. Azkia, M., & Rashidrash, A. (1391/2012). Socio-historical analysis of outcomes of modern elements in Kurdish (Rural areas of Mokerian). Rural Development, 4(2), 1-24. [In Persian]
2
3. Afshar, F. (1347/1968). Rural trial in Iran (House of justice) and a comparative study with rural trial in India. Unpublished master's thesis, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. [In Persian]
3
4. Bakhtiari, M., Abadian, H., & Yousofifar, Sh. (1393/2014). The position of headman in rural community in Ghajar era. History of Iran and Islam Quarterly, 24(22), 48-71. [In Persian]
4
5. Cruzon, G. (1380/2001). Persian and Persian question (5th ed., Vol. 1, G.V. Mazandarani, Trans.). Tehran: Elmi & Farhangi Press. [In Persian]
5
6. Etemadifar, M. (1391/2012). Sociological analysis of generational subjectivity and experiences in Iran with an emphasis on the conflict and its resolution practices. Quarterly Journal of Socio-Cultural Development Studies, 1(3), 136-160.
6
7. Fazelnia, G., Seify Ghare Yatagh, D., & Pudineh Babr, R. (1393/2014). Reviewing geographical analysis of patterns and methods for dispute resolution in villages of Sistan. Journal of Police Sciences, 6(1), 121-150. [In Persian]
7
8. Governorship of Khorasan Razavi. (1390/2011). Current divisions of Roshtkhar District. Mashhad: Governorship of Khorasan Razavi. [In Persian]
8
9. Krusinski, T. (1369/1990). Ten itineraries (M. Amiri, Trans.). Tehran: Vahid Press. [In Persian]
9
10. Kripe, Y. (1387/2009). Modern social theory from Parsons to Habermas (1st ed., A. Mokhber, Trans.). Tehran: Agah Press. [In Persian]
10
11. Moshirzadeh, H. (1383/2004). Constructivism as a meta-theory in international relation. Journal of Law and Political Science, 65, 114-143. [In Persian]
11
12. Mohamadi, J., Khalegh Panah, K., & Zare, M. (1393/2014). The urbanization of rural areas and judicalization of disputes: a case study on the experience and dispute resolution in urban-rural spaces. Rural Development, 5(2), 76-102.
12
13. Miall, H. (1992). The peace makers, peaceful settlement of disputes since 1945. London: Macmillan Press.
13
14. Naghavi, M., Paydar, A., & Mahmoudi, S. (1391/2012). The role of modernity (of modernization) The cultural changes in rural areas using similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) sample. Quarterly Modarres Human Science (Spatial Planning), 1(79), 105-127. [In Persian]
14
15. Rezvanzadeh, N. (1383/2004). Reviewing the effect of communication on willingness to change life style in the rural community (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Allameh Tabtabaee University, Tehran, Iran. [In Persian]
15
16. Roozy Bigdeli, Z. (1382/2003). Modernization of women active in cultural realm. Women Study, 7(3), 177-198. [In Persian]
16
17. Roknoddin Eftekhari, A., Pourtaheri, M., & Safari Markeed, A. (2011). Evaluating the effect of rural dispute settlement councils on the judicial security of the inhabitants (Case study: rural of Marand County). Quarterly Journal of Social Sciences, 6(2), 93-118. [In Persian]
17
18. Saeedi, A. (1387/2008). Encyclopedia of urban and rural management (Globalization and village). Tehran: Organization of Iran Councils and Municipalities. [In Persian]
18
19. Traphagan, W., & Christopher S.T. (2006). The practice of tradition and modernity: Contemporary Japan. USA: State University New York Press.
19
20. Vaezi, M. (1384/2005). Mediation in international disputes, law and politics encyclopedia. Faculty of Law and Political Science Quarterly, 1(2), 15-40. [In Persian]
20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Analysis of the Impacts of Tourism on the Quality of Rural Life (Case Study: Uraman District of Sarvabad County
Extended Abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
In Iran, the quality of rural life by tourists has changed a lot. These changes have had both positive effects and negative and undesirable changes. One of the important places of rural tourism in Iran is the Uraman District in Sarvabad County in the west of Kurdistan. This district has various potential capacities in the field of tourism and as one of the tourism hubs in province and the country which receives a large number of domestic and foreign tourists every year. Now the issue studied in this investigation is the fact that how development of tourism has affected the quality of rural life in this district. Since, according to the level of tourism development, several changes occur in the quality of rural life which due to the role of local communities in sustainable tourism; identification and assessment of the current situation, changes in the quality of life, is necessary for the persistence and rural tourism boom. The purpose of this study is examining the impact of tourism on the quality of rural life in this area. So the main research question arising is: what effects the tourism has had on the quality of rural life in the "Uraman" district.
2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The issue of quality of life from the early 1990s onwards, in the theoretical literature and development, has acquired great importance and has been the basis of differentiation and classification of the countries in the recent years. If the tourism improves the quality of life of residents, it will faced the support and acceptance. But if the quality of life of residents through tourism development over the environment tolerance reduced, residents don’t support this industry. In relation to this, various models have been proposed by researchers in the field of tourism. One of these models is Butler's life cycle. In this model, it is believed that in the beginning, desired changes in the quality of life of residents through tourism development occur in destination. But then, when the bearing capacity of the environment or the acceptable level of society changes reach its threshold, negative changes due to tourism development is emerged and the quality of life of destination residents will degrade.
3- METHODOLOGY
This study in terms of purpose is applied and in terms of methodology is descriptive - analytical. The data collection of the theoretical part is that of documentary and in the field-based part interviews and distributed questionnaires have been used. Statistical populations of this study are the households’ heads of villages of “Uraman” District in Sarvabad County. Firstly, Cochran formula has been used to determine the sample size. Among households’ heads of selected villages, then by using correction method360households were selected randomly. Due to the extension of the area and difficulty of access, 20%, namely 3 villages of 14 villages of this district which has the highest volume of tourism and are among the tourism target villages of this area were selected. By specifying the number of distributed questionnaires in each village by category, questionnaires were distributed randomly among the heads of households in these villages.
4– DISCUSSION
From the perspective of residents, tourism has developed the economic and social aspects in the average level and the physical aspect at a desirable level and has improved their quality of life. Only in the environmental dimension, rural residents, evaluated negative and less of numerical utility tested the impact of the tourism development. In total, the calculated average has shown 3.14 which means that the tourism development results in significance level of 0.05 namely with 95% confidence leads to improve the quality of life of residents. Meanwhile, smaller calculated significance from alpha 0.05 in the two-sample t-test, shows a significant difference in quality of life among people whose jobs depend on tourism with those people that their jobs are not related to tourism. Also smaller calculated significantly from the alpha level of 0.05in the one-way analysis of variance, shows the difference in the quality of life of rural residents in the three villages being studied. Finally, by analyzing and summarizing the findings and statements of local people, it can be stated that the situation of study area in combination model of Butler and Doxy within the development range face of indifferently stage.
5– CONCLUSION
To improve the environmental aspect of quality of villager’s life, full implementation of the guide plans along with the strengthening of environmental non-governmental association established in rural areas can be useful. Improvement of cultural backgrounds among the local people and even among tourists along with the distribution of brochures or writings some sentences in the importance of nature at the sites of the resort is another strategy for improving the environmental quality of the region's tourism villages. Path analysis model showed that in addition to the economic dimension of the quality of life of the villagers, had a direct impact with indirect impact on other dimensions, has changed and improved them and generally, has improved the overall quality of rural resident’s life. Considering this, it should be tried that the benefits of tourism among rural residents distributed. Also, to solve the problem of the movement condition of tourist area toward the in difference, preparing short-term programs are essential.
https://jrrp.um.ac.ir/article_27475_ba13fc600935f74e2d13672e974ce377.pdf
2016-04-01
163
179
10.22067/jrrp.v5i1.46943
quality of life
Tourism
Uraman District
Sarvabad County
Seyyed Hadi
Tayebnia
hadeinfo@gmail.com
1
University of Sistan & Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Sadi
Mohammadi
damanucehri@yahoo.com
2
Payam-e-Noor University, Marivan, Iran
AUTHOR
Suran
Manochehri
manoochehrisooran@yahoo.com
3
Education & Training of Kurdistan Province, Sanandaj, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Abdi, A., & Goudarzi, M. (1378/1999). Cultural developments in Iran, the first edition. (1st ed.). Tehran: Ravesh Press. [In Persian]
1
2. Afarinesh, B. (1389/2010). Examining trends and attitudes of residents towards tourism development (Case study: Soltanieh district rural areas of Abhar County). Unpublished master's thesis, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran. [In Persian]
2
3. Akkawi, M. (2010). Resident attitudes towards tourism development in conservative cultures: The case of Qatar. Retrieved on March 23, 2014 from https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/handle/10012/5298
3
4. Alvares, D. (2004). life cycle modelling for tourism areas. Canadian Geographer, 19(1), 2-12.
4
5. Anbari, M. (1389/2010). Investigate the Changes quality of life in Iran in 1986 to 2006. Journal of Rural Development, 2(1), 149-181. [In Persian]
5
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27. Lee, Y. J. (2008). Subjective quality of life measurement in Taipei. Building and Environment, 43(7), 1205-1215.
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41
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
An Explanation of Resettlement in Rural Sustainable Development Using Grounded Theory Approach (Case Study: Resettlement in Flooded Villages in Golestan Province)
Extended Abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
There has been a tremendous surge of interest in the issue of sustainability of resettlement plans; moreover, the economic, social, and environmental consequences of this issue have been frequently touched upon by rural planners and decision-makers. As evidence shows, lack of assessments and enough knowledge on the issue of resettlement has led to unsustainable resettlement plans. Under the grounded theory approach and with a qualitative method, the current case study attempts to answer this question that "how do the communities under study evaluate the effects of resettlement on sustainable development in their community?"
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Resettlement is a process that helps people mitigates the effects of displacement on their standard of living. A sustainable development approach uses resettlement as an opportunity to improve living standards of displaced people and ensure they benefit from the development activity. Resettlement planning allows the impacts of displacement to be mitigated and development opportunities to be created for those who have been affected. While adequate and early resettlement planning may increase the initial investment costs of an activity, long-term benefits include fewer delays and cost during project implementation, greater benefits from economically productive resettles, and reduced welfare costs to society. International experiences of voluntary and involuntary resettlement reveal that it is difficult to achieve success, particularly, when resettlement is carried out as part of development projects.
3. METHODOLOGY
The level of analysis in the present research include Faraghi, displaced villages of Qulaq Kasan, lower Boq Qeje, and upper Boq Qeje and local informants' unit of analysis. 32 subjects were selected through snowball sampling from among local informants. The interview with the subjects continued until theoretical saturation was reached. In the current research, the conceptual model was designed through systematic implementation of a five-stage grounded theory and combination of codes (open coding, axial coding, and selective coding).
4. DISCUSSION
Based on what has previously been said about the changes in several aspects of residents' lives in villages under resettlement scheme, it can be claimed that tremendous changes have been observed in the way the subjects lead their lives as a result of performing resettlement approach in the rural community of eastern Golestan. Therefore, based on what has been said, one can say that observations and investigations represent variations of "subjective-objective" changes in the region. Concerning economic issues in the livelihoods of the people living in rural areas, one can see a "transformation in occupational structure", i.e., extended service jobs and reduced number of jobs in the agricultural sector; "life style", that is tendency towards urban life and distance from rural life, "reduction in employment" and "loss of income and debt to the banking system" and especially extended usury and pre-sale of the agricultural products. Impossibility of livestock activities has made some individuals return to old rural places and also has led to "double settlement" of some individuals in order to utilize the facilities of the old place.
Regarding social issues, one can experience a "social change", such as lack of face-to-face communication, change in dimensions of social actions, change in social relations, transformation of social control tools, and relational changes. "Change of neighborhood", "transformation of family", and increase in nuclear families are some other relevant issues. Furthermore, resettlement results in "relative transformation of rural management pattern", that is development of formal and state organizations, "improved welfare", and "education".
Environmentally speaking, areas with resettlement plan have experienced "change of housing pattern" and "non-functionality due to production activities", "improved safety against flooding" through applying technical standards in the construction of new homes and staying away from flood-prone areas resulting in "ease of communication with the neighboring towns", and "expansion in the use of modern forms of communication", such as internet especially in the new city of Faraghi.
5. CONCLUSION
Although resettlement of rural people is necessary in critical times, it should be implemented according to the local conditions of people in addition to considering their economic, social, and environmental requirements of them in the form of suitable projects including replacement, integration, and regrouping of villages. The most important economic considerations in implementation of resettlement plans include employment, production, and communities with resettlement plan. Based on the findings of the current research, resettlement plans in flooded areas of Eastern Golestan do not correspond with sustainability pattern. No decrease in poverty, inequality, and no specific transformation in agriculture are proof of claim. Accordingly, the grounded theory of "resettlement with a physical non-integrated approach and mean sustainability" is presented for villages under resettlement plan for the area under study.
https://jrrp.um.ac.ir/article_27514_77a92eaddcdf57ca8f96fdc88e8edb1d.pdf
2016-04-01
181
195
10.22067/jrrp.v5i1.47384
Golestan province
resettlement Grounded Theory
rural sustainable development flood
Amin
Mohammadi Ostadkelayeh
aminmohammadi@gonbad.ac.ir
1
Gonbad University, Gonbad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Seyyed Hasan
Motiee Langerudi
shmotiee@ut.ac.ir
2
Universityof Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Reza
Rezvani
rrezvani@ut.ac.ir
3
Universityof Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mojtaba
Ghadiri Masoom
mghadiri@ut.ac.ir
4
Universityof Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Abduljalal, S. (1388/2009). Accommodation management process after the flood (Case Study: flood of Golestan 2005). Unpublished master's thesis, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran. [In Persian]
1
2. Agba, A. M. Ogaboh., Akpanudoedehe, J. J., & Ushie, E. M. (2010). Socio-economic and cultural impacts of resettlement on Bakassi people of Cross River State, Nigeria. Studies in Sociology of Science 1(2), 50-62.
2
3. Ardalan, A., Holakouie Naieni, K., Mahmoodi, M., Zanganeh, A. M., Keshtkar, A. A., Honarvar, M. R., & Kabir, M. J. (2010). Flash flood preparedness in Golestan province of Iran: A community intervention trial. American Journal of Disaster Medicine, 5(4), 197-214.
3
4. Ardeshiri, M. (1388/2009). The formulation of resettlement plans pattern in dam’s projects with emphasis on environmental consideration. Unpublished master's thesis, Tehran University, Tehran. [In Persian]
4
5. Badri, S.A. (1380/2001). Evaluating the sustainability of rural resettlement strategy. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Tarbiat Moddares University, Tehran, Iran. [In Persian]
5
6. Badri, S.A., & Roknoddin Eftekhari, A. R. (1382/2003). Economic impact assessment of rural regrouping after earthquake from sustainable development viewpoint (Case study: Balkor and Jamalabad villages of Tarom-e-Olya County). Modares Journal, 7(2), 23-60. [In Persian]
6
7. Bahrainy, H., & Hajibandeh, M. (1390/2011). Urban-village model: An efficient approach to achieve sustainable rural settlements. Journal of Housing and Rural Environment, 30(134), 49-74. [In Persian]
7
8. Coffey, V., & Trigunarsyah, B. (2012, April). Rebuilding housing after a disaster: factors for failure. In Proceedings of 8th Annual International Conference of the International Institute for Infrastructure, Renewal and Reconstruction (IIIRR), (pp. 292-300). Kumamoto University, Japan.
8
9. EM-DAT. (2014). The OFDA/CRED international disaster database. Brussels-Belgium: University Catholique de Louvain.
9
10. Esmaeili, M., Salsali, M., & Cheraghi, M. (1392/2013). Quality in grounded theory studies. Journal of Qualitative Research in Health Sciences, 2(3), 287-296. [In Persian]
10
11. Fathi, S., & Motlagh. M. (1389/2010). Theoretical approach to the rural sustainable development according to information and communication technology (ICT). Quarterly Journal of Human Geography, 2(2), 47-66. [In Persian]
11
12. Firouznia, Gh., Mousakazemi, S. M., & Sadeghi Taheri, A. (1390/2011). Review the effect of merging village in to a city, Case study: villages merged in to Kashan city). Journal of Geography and Development, 9(25). 79-96. [In Persian]
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13. Hajbagheri, A., & Salsali, M. (1382/2003). Approach and qualitative methods in rural development. Tehran: Ney Press. [In Persian]
13
14. Jalalian, H., Soleymangoli, R., & Tourani, A. (1392/2013). Reviewing the experiences of rural settlement planning for endangered villages with a look at Safi Abad resettlement plan in Minoodasht. Journal of Research and Rural Planning, 2(2), 179-211. [In Persian]
14
15. Jha, A. K., & Duyne, J. E. (2010). Safer homes, stronger communities: a handbook for reconstructing after natural disasters. USA: World Bank Press.
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16. Keraminiyage, K., & Piyatadsananon, P. (2013). Achieving success in post-disaster resettlement programs through better coordination between spatial and socio-economic/cultural factors. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 4(3), 352-372.
16
17. Montazeriun, M. (1390/2011). A study of the rural settlements relocation process in reconstruction planning after the 2005 flood in the east of Golestan province, Unpublished master's thesis, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. [In Persian]
17
18. Moshiri, F. (1390/2011). Human approach in resettlement planning in regional development plans. Journal of Housing and Rural Environment, 30(135), 85-104. [In Persian]
18
19. Oruonye, E. D. (2011). The socio-economic impact of the Lake Chad resettlement scheme, Nigeria. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 5(3), 238-245.
19
20. Pahlavanzadeh, H., Rezvani, M. R., & Mohammadi, A. (1391/2012). Assessing the quality of life in post disaster rural resettlement (Case study: Regrouping villages in Golestan province). Journal of Housing and Rural Environment, 31(137), 97-112. [In Persian]
20
21. Piyatadsananon, P. (2014). Application of spatial analysis in post-disaster resettlement. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), University of Salford, Salford, UK.
21
22. Pourtaheri, M., Badri, S. A., Asgary, A. & Eftekhari, A. R. (1390/2011). Strategies and policies for the physical development of rural settlements (With an emphasis on international experience and Iran). Tehran: Bonyad Maskan Press. [In Persian]
22
23. Rahmati, M. M. (1385/2006). Socio-economical changes of integration of rural areas after the earthquake in Rudbar and Manjil regions. Journal of Social Studies, 1(2), 83-110. [In Persian]
23
24. Rezvani, M., Kowkabi, L., & Mansourian, H. (1392/2013). The resettlement effects on the quality of life in the villages damaged by natural hazards (Case study: Zanjiran and Isar town in Fars province). Journal of Housing and Rural Environment, 32(144), 87-106. [In Persian]
24
25. Sharifi, F., Samadi, S. Z., & Wilson, C. A. (2012). Causes and consequences of recent floods in the Golestan catchments and Caspian Sea regions of Iran. Natural hazards, 61(2), 533-550.
25
26. Strauss, A., & Korbin, J. (1385/2006). Basic of qualitative research grounded theory procedures and techniques. (B. Mohammadi, Trans.). Tehran: Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies. [In Persian]
26
27. Tavakoli, J. (1380/2001). An overview of the theory and practice of rural integrated. Journal of Jahad, 21(244-145), 43-49. [In Persian]
27
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Measuring the Livelihood Properties in Rural Areas Using a Sustainable Livelihood Approach (Case Study: Rural Areas of Taybad County)
Extended Abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
Rural areas are environments that consist of different multiple sources and villagers use many assets and resources that shape their livelihood procedure. However, in most cases, incomplete and unconscious usage of sources is more destructive than uncontrolled industrial exploitation. For this reason, nowadays, rural poverty due to excessive pressure on resources, is considered as one of the unsustainable factors in the use of resources. Therefore, supporting poor villagers should not be the only main way for helping them meaning that their life style should be changed. In this regard, rural assets and capital could be the basic founders for achieving the goals of sustainable rural livelihood. Therefore, in this study, it had been tried to investigate and address the villagers’ assets and belongings. This research tries to measure the level of livelihood in rural areas of Taybad flat and Karat Dehestans of Taybad Countys and also find the answer for the following questions: are rural peoples' asserts and capital similar in all parts of the case study area or not? Which part of asserts has more share in rural livelihood? And finally, which one of the villages has a better situation compared to others?
2. METHODOLOGY
The methods used for this study is a combination of descriptive and analytical methods including the library (documents) and field study (questionnaire) methods. Therefore, generally, in order to measure the level of livelihood assets from rural communities’ perspective, in the first step, the livelihood assets dimensions have been determined which include social, human, natural, physical, financial, and institutional dimensions. Moreower, 23 indicators were identified for these dimensions. In next step, these dimensions and indicators had been inserted into a Likret scale questionnaire designed for householders and rural local managers. In order to measure the questionnaire's reliability, Cronbach's formula was used. The total reliability of the questionnaire is 0.884. Statistical community had been chosen from rural of Taybad flat and Karat Dehestans of Taybad Countys. The unit of analysis is rural points and rural households. Totally, 94 households were determined as a samples size of 5079 households from 16 villages by using of Cochran formula. However, after modifying the share of each rural point, the sample increased to 162 households. A stratified sampling method used for selecting the samples. In this method, in addition to population, rural point geographic distribution had also been considered as a criterion. In order to analyze the gathered data based on research questions and goals, descriptive and inferential statistics had been used and VIKOR as a multi criteria decision making technique for ranking the rural point had also been applied.
3. DISCUSSION
The results of the study indicated that there is a significant difference between the villages in terms of their assets. Results of Friedman statistical test showed that social capital with a mean rating of 3.59 is the superior asset in the case study area, which is the sign of high integrity, solidarity, and social cohesion among rural communities. Human assets with a low average rating (mean= 1.11), are known as weak assets in the case study area. These results confirmed the results of Jome Poor and Ahmadi (1390) study about inequality of rural livelihood assets. Finally, the VIKOR decision making techniques for ranking the case study villages based on livelihood assets showed that Poshte and Rahne villages are in a better condition in comparison with the other villages; Poshte and Rahne villages were ranked in the first and last positions, respectively.
4. CONCLUSION
The results indicate inequality and lack of balance between rural livelihoods in terms of their assets. The findings of prioritization of rural livelihoods in terms of assets represent the difference between assets in rural areas. These results are similar to Alba's (1390) results and represent the difference in sustainable livelihoods between rural areas. Hence, according to the rankings of VIKOR in terms of assets regarding the studied areas, it can be concluded that Taybad villages share more assets and were ranked in the top positions because of being close to Taybad and using more facilities. Thus, it is crucial to consider the present differences in assets and investments in the planning process for these villages. In addition, major efforts should be done in order to strengthen other weak assets.
https://jrrp.um.ac.ir/article_27531_5cd4691c74ef5042f629d9e4515d2fd7.pdf
2016-04-01
197
215
10.22067/jrrp.v5i1.48257
Livelihood assets
Rural Development
sustainable livelihood
Taybad County
VIKOR technique
Hamdollah
Sojasi Ghidari
ssojasi@yahoo.com
1
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Tahereh
Sadeqlu
tsadeghloo@um.ac.ir
2
Assistant Prof, in Geography & Rural Planning, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Esmaiel
Shakourifard
e.shakorifard@yahoo.com
3
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
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21. Alba, A. (1390/2011). Analysis the impact of border cooperation on sustainable rural livelihood in Saravan County (Unpublished master's thesis). Zabol University, Zabol, Iran. [In Persian]
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22. Badri, A., Faraji Sabokbar, H. A., Javedan, M., & Sharafi, H., (1391/2012). Ranking the sustainability of rural areas by VIKOR (Case study: Rural of Fasa County, Fars province). Geography and Development, 10(26), 1-19. [In Persian]
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